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定语从句解题三步法
1、识别定语从句
首先,我们需要知道什么样的从句是定语从句。定语从句指的是用一个句子来充当定语,修饰限定一个名词或代词;一般来说,定语从句紧跟在被修饰的词之后,但有时也可能被其他成分把它与被修饰词隔开。
2、选准关系代词和关系副词
在定语从句中,关系代词或关系副词都代替先行词在从句中充当一定的成分,如果这个从句中缺少主语、表语、宾语或定语,就要用关系代词;如果从句中缺少状语,就需要用关系副词来连接。举个例子:
We will put off the picnic in the park until next week, _____the weather may be better.
这个句子的意思是“我们将把公园的野餐推迟到下个星期,那时天气可能会更好”。同学们看这个从句修饰先行词next week,并且从句主语、宾语、表语都有,就是缺少时间状语,所以要填入when。
3、找准先行词
一般来说,先行词在定语从句之前,但有的时候会被插入语、副词或副词短语、谓语动词、非谓语动词等隔开。遇到这种情况,同学们可以根据题干中提供的信息,根据语境来找先行词。举个例子看:
Ellen was a painter of birds and nature, ____, for some reason, had withdrawn from all human society.
这个句子的意思是“艾伦是鸟类和自然风景画家,但是由于某种原因,悄然隐居,退出了所有的人类社会活动”。 根据句子的意思,先行词应该是painter,而不是nature,所以,要填入who。
4、还原法
同学们先来看一个句子,我们用下面这个句子来教大家怎样使用还原法。
The house I grew up ____has been taken down and replaced by an office building.
根据句意“我以前在此长大的房子被推倒了,被一座办公大楼所代替”, 我们先把这个定语从句还原为“in which I grew up或者which I grew up in ”这时,我们不难发现正确答案为in which。
5、分析句子结构
同学们在做题的时候,要分析前后两个句子是主从关系,还是并列关系,因为关系不同,结构就不同,答案也就不一样。例如:
English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, ____ uses it differently.
这句话的意思是“英语是一个被很多不同文化共同使用的语言,每一种语言使用英语的方法都是不一样的”。 先行词是several diverse cultures, 在定语从句里使用which指代先行词,作为介词of的宾语,正确答案为each of which。如果在这两个句子之间有and,and要连接两个分句,就变成了each of them,这个时候就不能使用定语从句了。
对于定语从句怎样理解和分析英语
定语从句的理解和做题技巧:
1、在解题过程中,首先要正确判断是不是定语从句,若是疑问句要将其恢复为陈述句,尤其注意标点符号、和是否已有并列连词(如but, and)和从属连词如(if, when),还要注意是否是强调结构。
2、在确定是定语从句后,就要找准先行词,看它是指人还是指物,是时间还是地点。
3、要弄清先行词在定语从句中做什么成分。最后,再根据关系词各自的用法特点去确定恰当的关系词。定语从句的种类:
限制性关系从句:
从语义上看,限制性关系从句主要起限定作用,修饰特定的人或事物,如果去掉限制性定语从句,整个句子表意会不完整甚至不通顺;从结构上看,限制性关系从句常紧跟先行词,并且同先行词之间一般不加逗号分隔(但不是绝对的)。
限制性关系从句的关系词包括:that, which, who, whom, whose, as, than等。
非限制性关系从句:
从语义上看,非限制性关系从句主要起补充说明的作用,有时相当于一个并列分句或状语从句,可以表达原因、目的、结果、条件、让步等意义。
定语从句解题技巧及运用
一、选准关系代词和关系副词
在定语从句中,关系代词或关系副词都代替先行词在从句中充当一定的成分,如果该从句中缺少主语、表语、宾语或定语,就要用关系代词来连接从句;如果从句中缺少状语,就得用关系副词来连接从句。例如:
(1)I still remember the days which / that we spent together.
(2)I still remember the days when we worked together.
二、了解仅用that 引导限制性定语从句的几种情况
that 在限制性定语从句中既可指人又可指事或物。在下列情况下,只能用that 来引导定语从句:
1. 先行词是all , much, few, little, everything, anything, nothing 等不定代词时。例如:
Is there anything that you want to buy?
2. 先行词被all, few, little, much, every, some, no等词修饰或被the only, the very, the same, the last 等限定词修饰时。例如:
These are all the pictures that I have seen.
This is the very dictionary that is of great help.
3. 先行词既指人又指物时。例如:
My father and his teacher talked a lot about the things and the persons that they could remember.
4. 关系代词在定语从句中作表语时。例如:
Our school is not the one that it used to be.
5. 先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。例如:
This is the best English film that I have ever seen.
The first English novel that I read was A Tale of Two Cities.
6. 主句是who 或which 引导的特殊问句时。例如:
Who is the girl that is standing under the tree?
Which is the machine that we used last Sunday?
三、把握“介词+关系代词”结构中介词的选用
介词的选择与主句中先行词的搭配密切相关。例如:
That”s the reason for which he was late for school.
This is the book on which I spent 8 yuan.
注意:
1. 定语从句中谓语动词是含有介词的动词短语时,介词应放在动词之后,不能拆开放在关系代词前。例如:
This is the key which you are looking for.
This is the baby whom you will look after.
2. 该结构中,关系代词指人时用whom,指物时用which.
四、弄清as 和which 引导的非限制性定语从句指代整体时的区别
1. 位置上的区别:as 引导的非限制性定语从句的位置比较灵活,可以放在主句前,也可以放在主句后,还可插在主句的中间;而which 引导的'非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。例如:
As is known to us all, the earth turns around the sun.
The earth, as is known to us all, turns around the sun.
The earth turns around the sun, as is known to us all.
The earth turns around the sun, which our parents once told us when we were very young.
2. 词义与联系上的区别:as 引导的非限制性定语从句与主句之间有着较为密切的上下文联系,as 本身含有“正如”之意;而which 引导的非限制性定语从句与主句之间在逻辑意义上近似并列句,which 本身表示“这”或“这一点”之意。例如:
Light travels faster than sound, as we all know.
Jack came late for school, which made his teacher angry.
五、注意定语从句的主谓一致性
关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句的谓语必须与先行词保持人称和数的一致。例如:
Tom is one of the boys who are from the USA.
Tom is the only one of the boys who is from the USA.
六、保持主句的完整性并避免从句成分的重叠
1. 在定语从句中,不管出现任何情况,主句的结构必须完整,即主句必须有主语和谓语,缺一不可,否则,整个主从复合句就无法成立。试比较:
(1)Is this factory _______ we visited last week?
(2)Is this the factory _______ we visited last week?
A. which B. where C. what D. the one
分析:
第一题缺少表语,只有填D项才能保持主句的完整性,而其他的选项均为干扰项。
第二题主句本身完整,应填的关系代词在从句中作visited 的宾语,故应选A项。
2. 从定语从句中,关系代词或关系副词已经代替先行词独立地或与相应的介词一起在定语从句中充当了一定的成分,因此在定语从句中就不能再出现与关系代(副)词重叠的成分。例如:
错句:Is this the train that they took it last Sunday?
分析:该题中that 已经代替先行词the train 在定语从句中充当及物动词took 的宾语,故重叠出现的宾语it必须删去。
定语从句和强调句的区别例句
定语从句和强调句的区分方法包括:
1. 强调句与主语从句的比较
强调句将句子中的it is / was…that同时省去,句子仍然成立;而主语从句将that与后面部分代替it,成立。如:
(1) It is Li Lei’s brother that you met in the street yesterday. 你昨天在街上所见到的就是李蕾的兄弟。
本句若将It is 及 that同时省去为:You met Li Lei’s brother in the street yesterday. 句子同样成立,因此前面的句子是强调句型。
(2) It is exciting that we have succeeded in sending up Shenzhou V. 我们成功地发射了神舟五号这件事情真令人兴奋。
本句若将It is 及 that同时省去为:We have succeeded exciting in sending up Shenzhou V. 显然句子错误,因此,前面句子不是强调句型,而是主语从句。
2. 强调句与定语从句的比较
◎强调句中的It没有实际意义,It be与that可同时被省略;而定语从句中的It是主语,It be与that不可同时省略;
◎强调句型中be的时态须跟后面句子的时态相一致;而定语从句中主句谓语动词be的时态须由主句的时间确定;
◎强调句将句子中的that不能省略,并且即使前面的名词是事物时,也不能将that换成which;而定语从句中的that作宾语时可被省略,并且当先行词是事物时可用which代替。
◎当it be后面的时间、地点名词作主语、宾语或表语时,引导词可用that / which;而作其他成分时,引导词须用when / which。如:
(1) It is an English book (that / which) I bought yesterday. 它是我昨天买的书。(本句是对What is that?问句的回答,that所引导的是定语从句,that可被省略)
It was the English book that I bought yesterday. 昨天我所卖的就是这本书。(本句相当于对I bought the English book yesterday中an English book进行强调)
(2) It was a room where we used to have meetings. 它是我们过去常在开会的房子。(where 所引导的'从句对前面的room进行说明,它是定语从句)
It was in the room that we used to have meetings. 过去我们开会就在这间房子里。(in the room是被强调的部分,本句是强调句型)
(3) It is a day when the people celebrate their victory. 这是人们庆祝他们的胜利的日子。 (when所引导的从句对a day进行说明,是定语从句)
It was on that day that people celebrated their victory. 就在那一天,人们庆祝了他们的胜利。(强调on October 1, 1949)
3.强调句与状语从句的比较
◎状语从句句首的It本身就是句子的主语;而强调句首的It不作任何成分也没有实际意义。
◎状语从句的连接副词that及句子前面的It be不能去掉(from)。
◎状语从句的引导词可以是when / where,而强调句型中的that不能用其他词代替。如:
(1) It is such an interesting book that we all like it very much. 它是一本如此有趣的书,我们大家都非常喜欢。(结果状语主从复合句)
It is such an interesting book that we all like very much. 我们大家都非常喜欢的就是一本如此有趣的书。(强调such an interesting book)
(比较:It is such an interesting book as we all like very much. 这就是我们大家都非常喜欢的如此有趣的书。定语从句)
(2) It was already morning when he woke up. 当他醒来时,已经是早晨了。(时间主从复合句)
It was the next morning that he woke up. 就在第二天早晨他醒来了。(强调the next morning)
定语从句和强调句用法
第一单元:强调句
1. 一个人的实际能力才是企业所真正看重的。
It is ones practical capability that enterprises truly value.
2. 我认为我们发明一种新的语言来取代英语是没有必要的.
I dont think it necessary to invent a new kind of language to take the place of English.
7. 令人感到遗憾的是大多数人所在乎的仅仅就只是他们怎么样才能更多地赚到钱。
It is a pity that all the majority of people care about is how they could be paid more.
8. 随着越来越多的妇女参与全职工作,由谁来照顾孩子已经成为了社会上的一个问题。
With increasing number of women taking part in full-time jobs, who should take care of children has become a social issue.
第二单元:定语从句
1. 我们这次还是约在上次一起吃晚饭的餐厅见面吧!
Lets meet at the restaurant where we had dinner together last time!
定语从句解题三大技巧
在解题过程中,首先要正确判断是不是定语从句,若是疑问句要将其恢复为陈述句,尤其注意标点符号、和是否已有并列连词(如but, and)和从属连词如(if, when),还要注意是否是强调结构。如:
1. John invited about 40 people to his wedding, most of ______ are family members.
A. them B. that C. which D. whom
分析:答案为D。注意,定语从句修饰的先行词是people不是wedding,所以不能选C,因为which用于指人;关系代词that不能直接用于介词后作宾语,故排除B;them不是关系代词,不能引导定语从句,故可排除A(注:若在most of前面有并列连词and,则只能选A)。句意为:约翰邀请了40个人来参加他的婚礼,其中大多数都是家属。
注意:假若此题在逗号后加一个连词 and,则答案就不能选 D,而应选 A。
2. He may win the competition, ______ he is likely to get into the national team.
A. in which case B. in that case C. in what case D. in whose case
分析:答案为A。由于两句之间没有并列连词,所以不是并列句,故可排除B和C;虽然which和whose均可引导定语从句,且均可用作定语,但which的意思与指示代词相似,whose的意思与物主代词相似,根据句意,应选A。其实,若空格前有并列连词and,则答案应选B。另外,顺便说一句,in which case是非限制性引导定语从句的惯用表达。又如:
My father may have to go into hospital, in which case I won’t be going on holiday. 我父亲可能要住院,如果那样我就不去度假了。
He won’t want to eat it unless he’s really hungry, in which case he’ll eat almost anything. 除非很饿,否则他不会吃东西,一旦饿了,他几乎什么都吃。
Of course it may rain, in which case we'll have to hold the ceremony indoors. 当然可能会下雨,如果那样的话,我们就只能在室内举行仪式了。
She may have missed the train, in which case she won’t arrive for another hour. 她可能没赶上火车,要是那样的话,她可能还等一个小时才会到。
技巧二
在确定是定语从句后,就要找准先行词,看它是指人还是指物,是时间还是地点。如:
The museum will open in the spring with an exhibition and a viewing platform ______ visitors can watch the big glasshouses being built.
A. what B. where C. when D. why
分析:答案为B。定语从句中不缺少主干成分,且先行词platform指地点,故选关系副词where。句意为:博物馆将在春季开放,到时会举行展览并设置景观台,供参观者观看这座大型的玻璃暖房施工建设。
技巧三
要弄清先行词在定语从句中作什么成分。最后,再根据关系词各自的用法特点去确定恰当的关系词。如:
Happiness and success often come to those ______ are good at recognizing their own strengths.
A. whom B. who C. what D. which
分析:答案为B。who在此引导定语从句,修饰代词those(那些人),同时who在定语从句中用作主语。由于what不是关系代词,不能引导定语从句,故可排除C;关系代词which只用于指物,不用于指人,故排除D;whom虽然可以用于指人,但它是宾格,不能用作主语,故排除A。句意为:幸福和成功通常属于那些善于发现自己长处的人。
在解题过程中,首先要正确判断是不是定语从句,若是疑问句要将其恢复为陈述句,尤其注意标点符号、和是否已有并列连词(如but, and)和从属连词如(if, when),还要注意是否是强调结构,然后在确定是定语从句后,就要找准先行词,看它是指人还是指物,是时间还是地点,要弄清先行词在定语从句中作什么成分。最后,再根据关系词各自的用法特点去确定恰当的关系词。你掌握了吗?
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