动名词作非谓语的动词短语 ,非谓语动词不定式和动名词的区别

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非谓语动词不定式和动名词的区别


在非谓语动词中,不定式(the Infinitive)的用法最广泛。它在句中可作主语、表语、宾语,定语、状语和宾语(或主语)的补语。也就是说,不定式可以充当除谓语以外的所有成分。
常跟不定式作宾语的动词有:
afford(担负得起) agree(同意) arrange(安排) ask(要求)
attempt(试图) beg(乞求) care(介意) choose(愿意)
claim(声称) consent(同意) dare(敢) decide(决定)
decline(谢绝) desire(希望) determine(决心) expect(期望)
fail(未能) hope(希望) intend(企图) learn(学会)
long(渴望) manage(设法) mean(意欲) need(需要)
offer(提出) plan(计划) prepare(准备) pretend(假装)
promise(许诺) refuse(拒绝) seek(寻求) tend(倾向于)
threaten(威胁) undertake(承担) volunteer(志愿) want(想要)
wish(希望)
常跟疑问词(以及whether和if)+不定式作宾语的动词有:
ask(询问) consider(考虑) decide(决定) discover(发现)
discuss(讨论) explain(解释) find out(查明) forget(忘记)
inquire(打听) know(知道) 1earn(学会) remember(记得)
show(演示) tell(说出) think(考虑) understand(懂得)
wonder(想知道)
常跟不定式作宾补的动词有:
ask(要求) advise(劝告) allow(允许) beg(请求)
cause (促使) compel (强迫) command(指挥) direct(指导)
enable (使能够) encourage(鼓励) expect(期望) feel(觉得)
force(迫使) get(使得) hate(不喜欢) have(使)
hear(听见) help(帮助) inspire(鼓舞) intend(打算要)
invite(邀请) instruct(指示) lead(引导) let(让)
listen (to)(听) look (at)(看) make(使得) notice(注意到)
observe (观察) order(命令) permit(允许) persuade(说服)
press(迫使) remind(提醒) request(请求) teach(教)
tell(告诉) urge(激励) want(想要) watch(注视)
warn (警告) wish(希望)
另外,like和prefer常与should,would连用,跟一不定式作宾补。例如:
I should like you to finish the work as soon as possible. 我倒希望你尽早地完成这个工作。
The chairman would prefer the matter to be discussed at the next meeting. 主席希望这个问题在下次会上讨论。
值得一提的是,hope,demand和suggest不可接不定式作宾补,但可跟that引出的宾语从句。
英语中,在see,hear,look at,listen to,feel,observe,watch,notice等感官动词,以及let,make,have等其他动词后面,作宾补的不定式均省去“to”。例如:
The teacher makes us write a composition every week. 那个老师让我们每星期写一篇作文。
(1)跟不定式作定语的名词
英语有一些名词经常跟不定式作定语。其中,有一部分是由常跟不定式作宾语的动词和常与不定式一起构成复合谓语结构的形容词转化或派生而来的。常见的这部分名词有:
ability agreement ambition anxiety attempt
claim decision determination eagerness failure
intention hope need plan promise
readiness refusal reluctance resolution tendency
threat willingness wish
例如:
His attempt to solve the problem failed again. 他攻克这个难题的尝试又失败了。
Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us. 他们放弃这个实验的决定使我们大为吃惊。
(2)the first, second, last, only (thing), best (thing)等后面常跟不定式作定语。例如:
He is always the first to come and the last to leave. 他总是第一个到来,最后一个离去。
What is the best thing to do? 最可行的办法是什么呢?
分词主要起形容词和副词作用,在句中充当表语、定语、宾语(或主语)的补足语和状语等。
(1)常跟分词作宾补的动词有:
catch(偶然发觉) have(让,使) keep(使处于某状态)
get(使得) see(看见) hear(听见)
find(发现) feel(感觉到) leave(使处于某状态)
make(使) want(想要) start(引起)
notice(注意到) observe(观察) watch(注视)
set(使处于某状态)
(2)现在分词和不定式作宾语补足语在含义上的区别
有些动词如:see, hear, feel, notice, watch等既可跟现在分词也可跟不定式作复合宾语。它们之间的区别在于:现在分词着重说明动作正在发生;不定式着重说明动作的全过程。试比较:
I saw the boys climbing the wall. 我看见孩子在爬墙。
I saw the boys climb the wall. 我看见孩子爬墙了。
现在分词的完成式和不定式的完成式的区别:两者都表示某动作发生在谓语动作以前,但现在分词的完成式一般只用作状语,而不定式的完成式则用作除状语以外的其他成分,在谓语复合结构中尤为多见。例如:
Having studied hard during the term, he passed the exam. 经过这学期的刻苦学习,他通过了考试。
He is said to have studied hard and passed the exam. 据说他学习刻苦并通过了考试。
动名词(the Gerund)与现在分词同形,但主要起名词作用,在句中充当主语、表语、宾语、介词宾语和同位语等。
(1)常见的只可跟动名词作宾语的动词
admit(承认) avoid(避免) consider(考虑) delay(耽搁)
deny(否认) endure(忍耐) enjoy(喜欢) escape(逃避)
excuse(原谅) fancy(想象) finish(完成) forbid(严禁)
imagine(想象) mind(介意) miss(错过) dislike(错过)
permit(允许) postpone(推迟) practice(练习) require(需要)
risk(冒…危险) stop (停止) suggest(建议)
还有不少动词短语也要求跟动名词作宾语。常见的有:
can’t help(禁不住) feel like(想,欲) give up(放弃)
keep on (继续进行) object to(反对) put off(推迟)
(2)常见的既可跟动名词也可跟不定式作宾语的动词有:
attemp(试图) begin(开始) can’t bear(忍不住) cease(停止)
continue(继续) deserve(值得) forget(忘记) hate(不喜欢)
intend(打算) learn(学习) like(喜欢) love(喜欢)
prefer(宁愿) need(需要) neglect(疏忽) propose(建议)
remember (记得) regret(懊悔) start(开始) try(尝试)
oppose(反对)
1) 动名词和现在分词作定语的区别
动名词作定语时,通常表示所修饰词的“目的”或“用途”;而现在分词作定语,表示的是所修饰词的“性质”或“状态”。试比较:
动名词 现在分词
a flying suit 飞行服 a flying bird 飞鸟
a working method 工作方式 the working people 劳动人民
a sleeping car 卧车 a sleeping child 熟睡的孩子
2) 用动名词还是不定式作宾语
(1)英语中,有些动词常接不定式作宾语;有些动词常接动名词作宾语。还有些动词的宾语既可是不定式,也可是动名词,并且意义无明显差别。一般说来,作宾语的动名词和作宾语的不定式相比,前者意义更 着重一般概念,后者强调具体情况。例如:
I like reading novels but I don't like to read this novel. 我喜欢读小说但是我不喜欢读这本小说。
(2) 有些动词虽然既可接不定式也可接动名词作宾语,但意义上差别较大。常见的有:
(a)remember to do(记住要做某事) remember doing(记得曾做过某事)
(b)forget to do(忘记要做某事) forget doing(忘记曾做过某事)
(c)regret to do(因要做某事感到不安) regret doing(因做了某事感到后悔)
(d)go on to do ((做完某事)接着做另一事) go on doing(继续做某事)
(e)try to do (设法做某事) try doing(试着做某事)
(f)need to do (需要做某事) need doing(需要…(被动))
(g)want to do (想做某事) want doing(需要...(被动))(同need doing)
(h)used to do (过去常常做某事) be used to doing(习惯做某事)

动名词作非谓语的动词短语
,非谓语动词不定式和动名词的区别图1

非谓语动词有哪些


非谓语动词主要包括不定式&动名词&分词(现在分词和过去分词),.即动词的非谓语形式除了不能独立作谓语外,可以承担句子的任何成分
  它有三种形式:不定式,分词(现在分词、过去分词),动名词
  1.非谓语动词与谓语动词的相同点有:
  (1)如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用,例如:
  They built a garden.
  They suggested building a garden.
  (2)都可以被状语修饰:
  The suit fits him very well.
  The suit used to fit him very well.
  (3)都有主动与被动, “体”式(一般式;进行式;完成式)的变化。例如:
  He was punished by his parents.(谓语动词被动语态)
  He avoided being punished by his parents.(动名词的被动式)
  We have written the composition.(谓语动词的完成时)
  Having written the composition, we handed it in.(现在分词的完成式)
  (4)都可以有逻辑主语
  They started the work at once.(谓语动词的逻辑主语)
  The boss ordered them to start the work.(动词不定式的逻辑主语)
  We are League members.(谓语动词的主语)
  We being League member, the work was well done.
  (现在分词的逻辑主语)
  2、非谓语动词与谓语动词的不同点有:
  (1)非谓语动词可以有名词作用(如动词不定式和动名词),在句中做主语、宾语、表语。
  (2)非谓语动词可以有形容词作用(如动词不定式和分词),在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语。
  (3)非谓语动词可以有副词作用(如动词不定式和分词),在句中作状语。
  (4)谓语动词在句中作谓语,受主语的人称和数的限制;非谓语动词在句中不能单独作谓语,它不受主语的人称和数的限制。
  (5)英语中不能单独做句子的谓语。 (一)动词不定式:(to)+do,具有名词、形容词、副词的特征.
  否定式:not + (to) do
  (1)一般式:不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后.
  例如:
  I'm glad to meet you.
  He seems to know a lot.
  We plan to pay a visit.
  He wants to be an artist.
  The patient asked to be operated on at once.
  The teacher ordered the work to be done.
  (2)进行式:不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生,例如:
  The boy pretended to be working hard.
  He seems to be reading in his room.
  (3)完成式:不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前,例如:
  I regretted to have told a lie.
  I happened to have seen the film.
  He is pleased to have met his friend.
  2.不定式的句法功能:
  (1)作主语:
  To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.
  To lose your heart means failure.
  动词不定式短语作主语时,常用it作形式主语,真正的主语不定式置于句后,例如上面两句可用如下形式:
  It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.
  It means failure to lose your heart.
  常用句式有:1、It+be+名词+to do。2、It takes sb.+some time+to do。3、It+be+形容词+of sb +to do。4、It+be+形容词+for sb.+to do。常用careless,,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise,等表示赞扬或批评的形容词,不定式前的sb.可作其逻辑主语。
  (2)作表语:
  Her job is to clean the hall.
  He appears to have caught a cold.
  (3)作宾语:
  常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有:want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式(宾语)后面有宾语补足语,则用it作形式宾语,真正的宾语(不定式)后置,放在宾语补足语后面,例如:
  Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.
  动词不定式也可充当介词宾语,如:
  I have no choice but to stay here.
  He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.
  动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用,如:
  He gave us some advice on how to learn English.
  (4)作宾语补足语:
  在复合宾语中,动词不定式可充当宾语补足语,如下动词常跟这种复合宾语:want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.
  此外,介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用,如:
  With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema.
  有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式连用,但改为被动语态时,不定式要加to, 如:
  I saw him cross the road.
  He was seen to cross the road.
  (5)作定语:
  动词不定式作定语,放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系:
  ①动宾关系:
  I have a meeting to attend.
  注意:不定式为不及物动词时,所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等,应有必要的介词,如:
  He found a good house to live in.
  The child has nothing to worry about.
  What did you open it with?
  如果不定式修饰time, place, way,可以省略介词:
  He has no place to live.
  This is the best way to work out this problem.
  如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者,不定式可用主动式也可用被动式:
  Have you got anything to send?
  Have you got anything to be sent?
  ②说明所修饰名词的内容:
  We have made a plan to finish the work.
  ③被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语:
  He is the first to get here.
  (6)作状语:
  ①表目的:
  He worked day and night to get the money.
  She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.
  注意不定式放句首时,逻辑主语与句子主语要一致:
  wrong:To save money, every means has been tried.
  right:To save money, he has tried every means.
  wrong:To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.
  right:To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.
  ②表结果(往往是与预期愿望相反的结果):
  He arrived late only to find the train had gone.
  I visited him only to find him out.
  ③表原因:
  They were very sad to hear the news.
  ④表程度:
  It's too dark for us to see anything.
  The question is simple for him to answer.
  (7)作独立成分:
  To tell you the truth, I don't like the way he talked.
  (8)不定式的省略:保留to省略do动词。
  If you don't want to do it, you don't need to.
  (9)不定式的并列:第二个不定式可省略to。
  He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.
  (二)动名词:
  动名词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有名词的句法功能。
  1.动名词的形式: Ving
  否定式:not + 动名词
  (1)一般式:
  Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。
  (2)被动式:
  He came to the party without being invited.他未被邀请就来到了晚会。
  (3)完成式:
  We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。
  (4)完成被动式:
  He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.
  他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。
  (5)否定式:not + 动名词
  I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。
  (6)复合结构:物主代词(或名词所有格)+ 动名词
  He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次。
  His not knowing English troubled him a lot.
  他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。
  2.动名词的句法功能:
  (1)作主语:
  Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。
  Collecting stamps is interesting. 集邮很有趣。
  当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。
  It's no use quarrelling.争吵是没用的。
  (2)作表语:
  In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs.
  在蚂蚁王国,蚁后的工作是产卵。
  (3)作宾语:
  They haven't finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。
  We have to prevent the air from being polluted.
  我们必须阻止空气被污染。
  注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语,如上面两个例句。此外,动名词作宾语时,若跟有宾语补足语,则常用形式宾语it,例如:
  We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。
  要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语:
  enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid(避免), excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit(承认),deny(否认), mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk(冒险), appreciate(感激), be busy, be worth, feel like, can't stand, can't help(情不自禁地), think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from),keep …from, stop…(from),protect…from, set about, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like
  (4)作定语:
  He can't walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路。
  Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你们学校有游泳池吗?
  (5)作同位语:
  The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那个山洞,他藏身的地方很秘密。
  His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged.
  他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变。
  (三)现在分词:
  现在分词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。
  1、现在分词的形式:
  否定式:not + 现在分词
  (1)现在分词的主动语态:现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,完成
  式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生,常作状语。例如:
  They went to the park, singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去。
  Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作业,他开始打篮球。
  (2)现在分词的被动语态:一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作,完成式表示发生在谓语动
  词之前的被动的动作。
  The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。
  Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake.
  被告诉了好几遍,这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。
  2.现在分词的句法功能:
  (1)作定语:现在分词作定语,当分词单独做定语时,放在所修饰的名词前;如果是分词短语做定语
  放在名词后。
  In the following years he worked even harder.
  在后来的几年中,他学习更努力了。
  The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father.
  正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。
  现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能,如:in the following years也可用in the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher可改为the man who is speaking to the teacher.
  (2)现在分词作表语:
  The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在这家上演的电影很棒。
  The present situation is inspiring. 当前的形势鼓舞人心。
  be + doing既可能表示现在进行时,也可能是现在分词做表语,它们的区别在于be + doing表示进行的动作是进行时,而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构。
  (3)作宾语补足语:
  如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语:
  see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如:
  Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗?
  He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着。
  (4)现在分词作状语:
  ①作时间状语:
  (While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.
  在工厂工作时,他是一名先进工人。
  ②作原因状语:
  Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由于是共青团员,他经常帮助他人。
  ③作方式状语,表示伴随:
  He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里,又擦又洗。
  ④作条件状语:
  (If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.
  要是整天玩,你就会浪费宝贵的时间。
  ⑤作结果状语:
  He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了,结果摔得粉碎。
  ⑥作目的状语:
  He went swimming the other day. 几天前他去游泳了。
  ⑦作让步状语:
  Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon.
  虽然雨下得很大,但不久天就晴了。
  ⑧与逻辑主语构成独立主格:
  I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head.
  我等汽车时,一只鸟落到我头上。
  All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly.
  所有的票已经卖光了,他们失望地离开了。
  Time permitting, we'll do another two exercises.
  如果时间允许,我们将做另两个练习。
  有时也可用with (without) +名词(代词宾格)+分词形式
  With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他点着灯睡着了。
  ⑨作独立成分:
  udging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor.
  从外表看,他一定是个演员。
  Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般说来,女孩子更细心。
  (四)过去分词:
  过去分词只有一种形式:规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成。不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求,要一一记住。
  过去分词的句法功能:
  1.过去分词作定语:
  Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。
  Those selected as committee members will attend the meeting. 当选为委员的人将出席这次会。
  注意当过去分词是单词时,一般用于名词前,如果是过去分词短语,就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。
  2.过去分词作表语:
  The window is broken. 窗户破了。
  They were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。
  注意:be + 过去分词,如果表示状态是系表结构,如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。区别:
  The window is broken.(系表)
  The window was broken by the boy.(被动)
  有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的,不表示被动,只表示完成。如:
  boiled water(开水) fallen leaves(落叶)
  newly arrived goods(新到的货) the risen sun(升起的太阳)
  the changed world(变了的世界)
  这类过去分词有:gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。
  3.过去分词作宾语补足语:
  I heard the song sung several times last week.
  上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。
  有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语:
  With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了,他们出去玩去了。
  4.过去分词作状语:
  Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents.
  受到邻居们的表扬,他成为父母的骄傲。(表示原因)
  Once seen, it can never be forgotten.
  一旦它被看见,人们就忘不了。(表示时间)
  Given more time, I'll be able to do it better.
  如果给予更多的时间,我能做得更好。(表示条件)
  Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.
  虽然被告之有危险,他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。(表示让步)
  Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充满了希望与恐惧,他走进山洞。

动名词作非谓语的动词短语
,非谓语动词不定式和动名词的区别图2

什么情况下要用非谓语动词


动名词(其实叫现在分词)与逻辑主语是主动关系,则用动名词作非谓语,否则用过去分词做非谓语。

动名词作非谓语的动词短语
,非谓语动词不定式和动名词的区别图3

非谓语动词的用法总结


非谓语动词是指在句子中不是谓语的动词,主要包括不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词),即动词的非谓语形式。非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外,可以承担句子的其他成分。
用法
动词不定式
动词不定式:(to)+ do,具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。
否定式:not + (to) do
以do为例,动词不定式的构成如下:
1.一般式:不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后.
例如:
It's nice to meet you.
很高兴见到你。
2.进行式:不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生,例如:
The boy pretended to be working hard.
男孩假装工作得很努力。
3.完成式:不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前,例如:
I regretted having told a lie. 我后悔我说谎了。
不定式的句法功能:(1)作主语:
To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.
十分钟之内完成这项工作是很难的。
To lose your heart means failure.
灰心意味着失败。
2.作表语:
Her job is to clean the hall.
工作是打扫大厅。
3.作宾语:
常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有:want,hope,wish,offer,fail,plan,learn,pretend,refuse,manage,help,agree,promise,prefer,如果不定式(宾语)后面有宾语补足语,则用it作形式宾语,真正的宾语(不定式)后置,放在宾语补足语后面,例如:
Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.
马克思发现研究俄国的情况是很重要的。
动词不定式也可充当介词宾语,如:
I have no choice but to stay here.
我只能留在这里,别无选择。
动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用,如:
He gave us some advice on how to learn English. 他给了我们一些学英语的建议。
4.作宾语补足语:
在复合宾语中,动词不定式可充当宾语补足语,如下动词常跟这种复合宾语:want,wish,ask,tell,order,beg,permit,help,advise,persuade,allow,prepare,cause,force,call on,wait for,invite.
此外,介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用,如:
With a lot of work to do,he didn't go to the cinema.
他有很多工作要做,所以没去电影院。
有些动词如make,let,see,watch,hear,feel,have等与不带有to的不定式连用,但改为被动语态时,不定式要加to。
5.作定语:
动词不定式作定语,放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系:
①动宾关系:
I have a meeting to attend. 我有一个会议要出席。
如果不定式修饰time,place,way,可以省略介词:
He has no place to live.
他无处安身。
②说明所修饰名词的内容:
We have made a plan to finish the work.
我们制定了一个完成工作的计划。
③被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语:
He is the first to get here.
他第一个来到这儿。
6.作状语:
①表目的:
He worked day and night to get the money.
他夜以继日地工作来赚钱。
注意不定式放句首时,逻辑主语与句子主语要一致:
To save money,he has tried every means.
为了省钱,他使出了浑身解数。
②表结果(往往是与预期愿望相反的结果 意料之外):常放在never only后
He arrived late only to find the train had gone.
他来晚了,只见火车已经走了。
③表原因:常放在形容词后面
They were very sad to hear the news.
他们听到这条新闻非常伤心。
④表程度:
It's too dark for us to see anything.
太暗了,我们什么也看不见。
7.作目的状语:既可以放在句首,也可以放在句尾
To tell you the truth,I don't like the way he talked.
说实话,我不喜欢他讲话的方式。
8.不定式的省略:保留to省略do动词。
If you don't want to do it,you don't need to.
如果你不想做这件事,你就不必做。
9.不定式的并列:第二个不定式可省略to。
He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.
他希望学医并成为医生。
动名词
动名词:
动名词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有名词的句法功能。
一般式(谓语动词同时发生)
doing
being done
完成式(谓语动词发生之前)
having done
having been done
动名词的形式:Ving
否定式:not + 动名词
1.一般式:
Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。
2.被动式:
He came to the party without being invited.他未被邀请就来到了晚会。
3.完成式:
We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。
4.完成被动式:
He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.
他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。
5.否定式:not + 动名词
I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。
6.复合结构:物主代词(或名词所有格)+ 动名词
He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次。
His not knowing English troubled him a lot.
他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。
动名词的句法功能:(1)作主语:
Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的。
Collecting stamps is interesting. 集邮很有趣。
当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。
It's no use quarrelling.争吵是没用的。
2.作表语:
In the ant city,the queen's job is laying eggs.
在蚂蚁王国,蚁后的工作是产卵。
3.作宾语:
They haven't finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。
We have to prevent the air from being polluted.
我们必须阻止空气被污染。
注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语,如上面两个例句。此外,动名词作宾语时,若跟有宾语补足语,则常用形式宾语it,例如:
We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。
要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语:
enjoy,finish,suggest,avoid(避免),excuse,delay,imagine,keep,miss,consider,admit(承认),deny(否认),mind,permit,forbid,practise,risk(冒险),appreciate(感激),be busy,be worth,feel like,can't stand,can't help(情不自禁地),think of,dream of,be fond of,prevent…(from),keep …from,stop…(from),protect…from,set about,be engaged in,spend…(in),succeed in,be used to,look forward to,object to,pay attention to,insist on,feel like
4.作定语:
He can't walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路。
Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你们学校有游泳池吗?
5.作同位语:
The cave,his hiding-place is secret. 那个山洞,他藏身的地方很秘密。
His habit,listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged.
他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变。
现在分词
现在分词:
现在分词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。
现在分词的形式:
否定式:not + 现在分词
1.现在分词的主动语态:现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,完成
式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生,常作状语。例如:
They went to the park,singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去。
Having done his homework,he played basket-ball. 做完作业,他开始打篮球。
2.现在分词的被动语态:一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作,完成式表示发生在谓语动
词之前的被动的动作。
The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。
Having been told many times,the naughty boy made the same mistake.
被告诉了好几遍,这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。
现在分词的句法功能:
1.作定语:现在分词作定语,当分词单独做定语时,放在所修饰的名词前;如果是分词短语做定语
放在名词后。
In the following years he worked even harder.
在后来的几年中,他学习更努力了。
The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father.
正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。
现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能,如:in the following years也可用in the years that
followed; the man speaking to the teacher可改为the man who is speaking to the teacher.
(2)现在分词作表语:
The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在这家上演的电影很棒。
The present situation is inspiring. 当前的形势鼓舞人心。
be + doing既可能表示现在进行时,也可能是现在分词做表语,它们的区别在于be + doing表示进行的
动作是进行时,而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构。
3.作宾语补足语:
如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语:
see,watch,hear,feel,find,get,keep,notice,observe,listen to,look at,leave,catch等。例如:
Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗?
He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着。
4.现在分词作状语:
①作时间状语:
(While) Working in the factory,he was an advanced worker.
在工厂工作时,他是一名先进工人。
②作原因状语:
Being a League member,he is always helping others. 由于是共青团员,他经常帮助他人。
③作方式状语,表示伴随:
He stayed at home,cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里,又擦又洗。
④作条件状语:
(If) Playing all day,you will waste your valuable time.
要是整天玩,你就会浪费宝贵的时间。
⑤作结果状语:
He dropped the glass,breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了,结果摔得粉碎。
⑥作目的状语:
He went swimming the other day. 几天前他去游泳了。
⑦作让步状语:
Though raining heavily,it cleared up very soon.
虽然雨下得很大,但不久天就晴了。
⑧与逻辑主语构成独立主格:
I waiting for the bus,a bird fell on my head.
我等汽车时,一只鸟落到我头上。
All the tickets having been sold out,they went away disappointedly.
所有的票已经卖光了,他们失望地离开了。
Time permitting,we'll do another two exercises.
如果时间允许,我们将做另两个练习。
有时也可用with (without) +名词(代词宾格)+分词形式
With the lights burning,he fell asleep. 他点着灯睡着了。
⑨作独立成分:
udging from(by) his appearance,he must be an actor.
从外表看,他一定是个演员。
Generally speaking,girls are more careful. 一般说来,女孩子更细心。
过去分词
过去分词只有一种形式:规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成。不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则
要求,要一一记住。
1.过去分词作定语:
Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。
Those selected as committee members will attend the meeting. 当选为委员的人将出席这次会。
注意当过去分词是单词时,一般用于名词前,如果是过去分词短语,就放在名词的后面。过去分词做
定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。
2.过去分词作表语:
The window is broken. 窗户破了。
They were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。
注意:be + 过去分词,如果表示状态是系表结构,如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。区别:
The window is broken.(系表)
The window was broken by the boy.(被动)
有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的,不表示被动,只表示完成。如:
boiled water(开水) fallen leaves(落叶)
newly arrived goods(新到的货) the risen sun(升起的太阳)
the changed world(变了的世界)
这类过去分词有:gone,come,fallen,risen,changed,arrived,returned,passed等。
3.过去分词作宾语补足语:
I heard the song sung several times last week.
上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。
有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语:
With the work done,they went out to play. 工作做完了,他们出去玩去了。
4.过去分词作状语:
Praised by the neighbours,he became the pride of his parents.
受到邻居们的表扬,他成为父母的骄傲。(表示原因)
Once seen,it can never be forgotten.
一旦它被看见,人们就忘不了。(表示时间)
Given more time,I'll be able to do it better.
如果给予更多的时间,我能做得更好。(表示条件)
Though told of the danger,he still risked his life to save the boy.
虽然被告之有危险,他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。(表示让步)
Filled with hopes and fears,he entered the cave. 心中充满了希望与恐惧,他走进山洞。
不定式
1. “to” 是不定式符号还是介词,下列短语中的to 都是介词。
agree to object to close to,come to,lead to,refer to,
equal to,familiar to,point to,thank to,devote to,next to,belong to,be used to,look forward to
2. 带to 还是不带to
I have no choice but to give in
I cannot do anything but give in
I saw him enter the classroom .
( 但是:He was seen to enter the classroom .)
3. 动词不定式逻辑主语是由for 作为标记的。但是有时用of .
区别:当使用for时,句中形容词修饰的是不定式;而用of时,句中形容词修饰逻辑主语。
It’s necessary for you to study hard .(necessary 修饰 to study hard,表示学习努力是有必要的)
It’s foolish of him to do it .(foolish 修饰逻辑主语him)
与of 连用的形容词有:
good,kind,nice,wise,clever,foolish,right,wrong,careful,careless,polite,…
与for连用的通常是一些表示可能性、难易程度、必要性等含义的形容词:
possible,impossible,easy,hard,difficult,necessary,…
4.后接不定式作宾语的动词有:
want,hope,wish,like,begin,try,need,forget,agree,know,promise,teach,refuse,help,arrange,dare,decide,determine,fail,manage,offer,prepare,continue,ask,mean,choose,expect etc.
需要宾语补足语的动词不能用动词不定式直接做介词的宾语,而要用it做形式宾语。例如:通常不说We think to obey the laws is important . 而说We think it important to obey the laws .
5.不定式作宾语补足语时省略to的情况:若不定式前的谓语动词是使役动词make,let,have(表示“让、使”)、感官动词see,watch,look at,observe, notice,hear,listen to, feel时,不定式符号to可以省略。这些动词亦可总结为口诀:“三使五看两听一感觉”。例如:
Let's (to)go!走吧!
He saw the thief (to)steal a lady’s cellphone.
注:改为被动句时要把to还原,例如:
The thief was seen tosteal a lady’s cellphone.
6.不定式的省略。下列短语中,如果意义明确,常常省略到to。
want to,wish to,hope to,like to,hate to,plan to,try to,love to,have to,ought to,need to,used to,be able to
7.不定式作定语,应注意两种关系:
1)动宾关系:
He has a lot of meeting to attend .
Please lend me something to write with .
He is looking for a room to live
He is looking for a room to live in .
He has no money and no place
to live ( in ) .
I think the best way to travel ( by ) is on foot .
There is no time to think ( about ) .
2)主谓关系:
She is always the last ( person) to speak at the meeting .
----I’m going to the post office,for I have a letter to post . ( 逻辑主语是I )
-------Thank you. But I have no letters to be posted now ( 逻辑主语不是I )
7.不定式作状语,可以有以下几种意义:
1) 原因
He is lucky to get here on time .
这种结构中常用的形容词有:
happy,glad,delighted,pleased,sorry,eager,anxious . lucky,fortunate,proud,angry surprised,frightened,disappointed,ready,clever,foolish,worthy
2) 目的
He came to help me with my maths .
3) 结果
I hurried to get there only to find him out .
The book is too hard for the boy to read .
He is old enough to go to school .
8 . 不定式作补足语
I saw him play in the street just now .
能跟不带to 的不定式作补足语的动词有:
see,feel,hear,listen to,look at,watch,let,have make,observe,notice
注: 当这些词为被动式时,不定式要带to,如:
He was seen to play in the street just now.

动名词作非谓语的动词短语
,非谓语动词不定式和动名词的区别图4

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