本文目录
英语语法基础知识大全
独立主格结构的构成：
名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词；
名词(代词)+形容词；
名词(代词)+副词；
名词(代词)+不定式；
名词(代词) +介词短语构成。
（二） 独立主格结构的特点：
1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定 式，介词等是主谓关系。
3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
With的复合结构作独立主格 表伴随时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构。 with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语
英语独立结构的3种形式
独立结构又叫独立主格结构
独立主格结构有两部分组成，前一部份是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动词或其他的一些词。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结构在句中做状语，多用于书面语。
独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随等。常见的独立主格结构有如下几种：
1. 名词/主格代词+现在分词。名词/主格代词与现在分词之间主谓关系。如：
The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didn”t know what to say. 姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。
Time permitting (= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果时间允许的话，我们明天去郊游。
2. 名词/主格代词+过去分词。名词/主格代词与过去分词之间的动宾关系。如：
The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。
Her glasses broken (= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn”t see the words on the blackboard. 由于眼镜摔坏了，她看不见黑板上的字。
3. 名词/主格代词+不定式。名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。如：
He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。
They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他们道别后，一个回了家，一个去了书店。
4. 名词/主格代词+形容词。如：
An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive. 那架飞机遭遇了空难，无一人生还。
So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 这么多人缺席，会议不得不取消。
5. 名词/主格代词+副词。如：
He put on his sweater wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。
The meeting over, they all went home. 会议一结束，他们就都回家了。
6. 名词/主格代词+介词短语。如：
The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand. 那男孩手里拿着书去教室。
Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door. 玛丽靠近火炉坐着，背对着门。
独立主格结构的特点：
1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定 式，介词等是主谓关系。
3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
举例：
The test finished, we began our holiday.
= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
考试结束了，我们开始放假。
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.
如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。
This done, we went home.
工作完成后，我们才回家。
The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.
会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。
He came into the room, his ears red with cold.
他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆
独立主格结构有两部分组成，前一部份是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动词或其他的一些词。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结构在句中做状语，多用于书面语。
独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随等。常见的独立主格结构有如下几种：
1. 名词/主格代词+现在分词。名词/主格代词与现在分词之间主谓关系。如：
The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didn”t know what to say. 姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。
Time permitting (= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果时间允许的话，我们明天去郊游。
2. 名词/主格代词+过去分词。名词/主格代词与过去分词之间的动宾关系。如：
The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。
Her glasses broken (= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn”t see the words on the blackboard. 由于眼镜摔坏了，她看不见黑板上的字。
3. 名词/主格代词+不定式。名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。如：
He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。
They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他们道别后，一个回了家，一个去了书店。
4. 名词/主格代词+形容词。如：
An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive. 那架飞机遭遇了空难，无一人生还。
So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 这么多人缺席，会议不得不取消。
5. 名词/主格代词+副词。如：
He put on his sweater wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。
The meeting over, they all went home. 会议一结束，他们就都回家了。
6. 名词/主格代词+介词短语。如：
The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand. 那男孩手里拿着书去教室。
Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door. 玛丽靠近火炉坐着，背对着门。
独立主格结构的特点：
1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定 式，介词等是主谓关系。
3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
举例：
The test finished, we began our holiday.
= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
考试结束了，我们开始放假。
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.
如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。
This done, we went home.
工作完成后，我们才回家。
The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.
会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。
He came into the room, his ears red with cold.
他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆
主语发出动作用主动（现在分词）
主语接受动作用被动（过去分词）
英语独立主格结构
10.1 独立主格（一） 独立主格结构的构
成： ：
名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词； 名词
(代词)+形容词； 名词(代词)+副词； 名
词(代词)+不定式； 名词(代词) +介词短
语构成。 （二） 独立主格结构的特点：
1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的
主语不同，它独立存在。 2）名词或代
词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定
式，介词等是主谓关系。 3）独立主格
结构一般有逗号与主句分开。 举例：
The test finished, we began our
holiday. = When the test was
finished, we began our holiday. 考试
结束了，我们开始放假。 The
president assassinated, the whole
country was in deep sorrow. = After
the president was assassinated, the
whole country was in deep sorrow.
总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之
中。 Weather permitting, we are
going to visit you tomorrow. 如果天
气允许，我们明天去看你。 This done,
we went home. 工作完成后，我们才回
家。 The meeting gone over,
everyone tired to go home earlier. 会
议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。 He
came into the room, his ears red
with cold. 他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏
了。 He came out of the library, a
large book under his arm. 他夹着本厚
书，走出了图书馆 10.2 With 的复合结
构作独立主格 表伴随时，既可用分词的
独立结构，也可用 with 的复合结构。
with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/
形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语 举例: He
stood there, his hand raised. = He
stood there, with his hand raise. 典型
例题 The murder was brought in,
with his hands ___ behind his back。
A. being tied B. having tied C. to be
tied D. tied 答案 D. with +名词（代
词）+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示
伴随状况时，其主语常 常用 with 来引
导。由于本句中名词"手"与分词"绑"是
被动关系，因此用过去分词，选 D. 注
意: 1) 独立主格结构使用介词的问题：
当介词是 in 时，其前后的两个名词均不
加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词） ，也
不用复数。 但 with 的复合结构不受此
限制
A robber burst into the room, knife
in hand. ( hand 前不能加 his)。 2) 当
表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动
词用现在分 词，不及物动词用过去分
词。 He lay there, his teeth set, his
hand clenched, his eyes looking
straight up. 典型例题： Weather___,
we'll go out for a walk. A permitted B
permitting C permits D for permitting
答案 B. 本题中没有连词，它不是复合
句，也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗号，
且 we 小 写，可知其不是两个简单句。
能够这样使用的只有独立主格或 with
的复合结构。据此判断， 本句中使用的
是独立结构， 其结构为：名词+分词。
由于 permit 在这里翻译为'天气允许'，
表主动，应用现在分词，故选 B。 如果
不会判断独立结构作状语的形式，不妨
将句子改为条件句，例如本句改为 If
weather permits, we'll go out for a
walk. 然后将 if 去掉，再将谓语动词改
为非谓语动词即可。
英语中的悬挂结构是什么意思
独立结构是带有自己逻辑主语的结构，又称独立主格结构。作为句子的一个语言单位，其行文简单明了，功能多样。
Ø
独立结构的形式
I.
名词（或主格结构）＋动词的非谓语动词形式
Here
are
the
first
two
volumes,
the
third
one
to
come
out
next
week.
The
plan
having
been
made,
what
is
important
is
to
put
it
into
practice.
The
duty
completed,
he
had
three
months’
leave.
II.
名词（或主格代词）＋形容词
He
entered
the
room,
his
nose
red
with
cold.
She
looked
at
him
expectantly,
her
eyes
full
of
excitement
and
curiosity.
III.
名词（或主格代词）＋介词短语
I
stood
at
his
left,
my
finger
on
the
button,
waiting
for
the
order.
The
teacher
entered
the
classroom,
chalk
in
one
hand,
(a)
textbook
in
the
other.
IV.
名词（或主格代词）＋副词
Class
over,
all
the
students
went
out
from
the
classroom.
He
put
on
his
socks,
wrong
side
out.
V.
名词（或主格代词）＋名词
His
first
shot
failed,
he
fired
again.
She
sat
alone
in
the
room,
her
only
company
a
dying
fire.
注意：以上独立结构都可以看成是带being的分词复合结构的省略形式。加入being就变成了分词的复合结构。如：
Here
are
the
first
two
volumes,
the
third
one
(being)
to
come
out
next
week.
He
entered
the
room,
his
nose
(being)
red
with
cold.
I
stood
at
his
left,
my
finger
(being)
on
the
button,
waiting
for
the
order.
VI.
介词with或without引导的独立结构
这种独立结构的一般构成为：with/without+名/代词＋(分词、形容词、副词、不定式、介词短语)，如：
With
the
old
man
leading,
the
two
started
towards
the
mountains.
She
felt
nervous,
with
all
eyes
fixed
on
her.
Never
sleep
with
the
window
open
in
the
winter.
With
John
away,
we’ve
got
more
room.
With
five
minutes
to
go
before
the
last
train
left,
we
arrived
at
the
station.
His
wife
came
down
the
stairs,
with
her
two-year-old
son
in
her
arms.
VII.
“There
being
+名词”
结构
There
being
no
money
left,
we
have
to
change
our
plan.
There
being
no
spare
parts,
the
equipment
could
not
be
repaired
at
once.
Ø
独立结构的句法功能
独立结构在句中多作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、方式、伴随或补充说明，偶尔也作定语或主语（如最后两例句），如：
The
bell
ringing,
all
the
pupils
went
into
the
classroom.
Weather
permitting，the
football
match
will
be
played
next
Sunday.
The
question
being
rather
difficult,
we
must
take
time
to
consider
it
carefully.
The
brave
man
fought
the
man-eating
tiger,
a
stick
his
only
weapon.
How
can
I
work
with
you
making
all
that
noise?
The
war
was
over,
without
a
shot
being
fired.
A
little
boy
with
two
of
his
front
teeth
missing
ran
into
the
room.
Jenny
in
trouble
was
the
reason
for
my
rushing
there.
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