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英语中的独立主格结构怎么理解的
独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表时间、原因、条件、伴随等。
论英语语法中的独立主格结构及其翻译
独立主格结构有两部分组成，前一部份是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动词或其他的一些词。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结构在句中做状语，多用于书面语。
独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随等。
独立主格结构的功能
独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。例如：
1) 表示时间
The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后我们都回家了。
Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。
2） 表示条件
The condition being favourable, he may succeed. 若条件有利，他或许能成功。
3） 表示原因
There being no taxis, we had to walk. 没有出租车，我们只好步行。
He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得严严实实的。
4） 表示伴随情况
Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。(=Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.)
常见的独立主格结构有如下几种：
1. 名词/主格代词+现在分词。名词/主格代词与现在分词之间主谓关系。如：
The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didn”t know what to say. 姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。
Time permitting (= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果时间允许的话，我们明天去郊游。
2. 名词/主格代词+过去分词。名词/主格代词与过去分词之间的动宾关系。如：
The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。
Her glasses broken (= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn”t see the words on the blackboard. 由于眼镜摔坏了，她看不见黑板上的字。
3. 名词/主格代词+不定式。名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。如：
He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。
They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他们道别后，一个回了家，一个去了书店。
4. 名词/主格代词+形容词。如：
An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive. 那架飞机遭遇了空难，无一人生还。
So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 这么多人缺席，会议不得不取消。
5. 名词/主格代词+副词。如：
He put on his sweater wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。
The meeting over, they all went home. 会议一结束，他们就都回家了。
6. 名词/主格代词+介词短语。如：
The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand. 那男孩手里拿着书去教室。
Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door. 玛丽靠近火炉坐着，背对着门。
7. There being +名词（代词）如：
There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。
There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。
8. It being +名词（代词）如：
It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。
It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。
独立主格结构的特点：
1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定 式，介词等是主谓关系。
3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
举例：
The test finished, we began our holiday.
= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
考试结束了，我们开始放假。
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.
如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。
This done, we went home.
工作完成后，我们才回家。
The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.
会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。
He came into the room, his ears red with cold.
他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆
注：独立主格结构有时可在其前加上介词with。
如：Don’t sleep with the windows open. 别开着窗睡觉。
He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。
She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进来。
He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他没熄灯就睡着了。
I won’t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因为妈妈有病，我无法去度假。
He sat there with his eyes closed. 他闭目坐在那儿。
All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。
I can’t go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗这些衣服，我无法出去了。
使用独立主格四点注意：
1.独立主格与状语从句的转换当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。如：After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下课后，学生很快离开了课室。
2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形在下列两种情况下，独立主格结构中的being（或having been）不能省略。
(1) 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。如：It being Sunday, we went to church.因为是星期天，我们去了做礼拜。
(2)在There being＋名词的结构中。如：There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家。
3. 通常不用物主代词或冠词在“名词（或代词）＋介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。如： Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯小姐走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。比较with的复合结构。如：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand.
4. 独立主格结构没有所有格形式The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来了，我们开始开会。(比较动名词复合结构。)
独立主格结构的用法
独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。
1. 用作时间状语：The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。
2. 用作条件状语：Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。
3. 用作原因状语：An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。
4. 用作伴随状语：He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，两手交叉枕在脑后。
5.表示补充说明：We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。
*注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。
独立主格结构妙题赏析
请看下面一道题：
Not far from the school there was a garden, _________ owner seated in it playing chess with his little grandson every afternoon.
A. its B. whose C. which D. that
【分析】此题很容易误选B，许多同学会认为句中逗号后是一个非限制性的定语从句，whose 在定语从句中用作定语修饰其后的名词 owner。此分析从表面上看，似乎天衣无缝，但实质上是错的，原因是空格后根本不是一个句子，因为没有谓语。尽管句中有两个动词，但它们都是非谓语动词。也许有的同学认为，其中的 seated 可视为谓语动词，但是注意，seat 用作动词时，它总是及物的，其后要么接宾语，要么它就用于被动语态，所以若在 seated 前加上助动词 is，则可以选择B（当然若将 seated 改为sitting，也应选择B）。所以此题最佳答案选A。
请再看一个类似的例子：
(1) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ translated into foreign languages.
A. it B. them C. this D. that
(2) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ were translated into foreign languages.A. it B. them C. which D. that
第(1)应选B，而不能选C，是因为句中的 translated 是过去分词(非谓语动词)，若选C，则该从句无谓语；第(2)应选D，因为句中有谓语 were translatedD。
再请看下面一例：
(3) He wrote a lot of novels, and many of _________ were translated into foreign languages.
A. it B. them C. which D. that
【分析】此题与上面的第(2)题不同，两句间多了一个并列连词and，说明这是一个并列句，故应选B，则不能选C。
请做做以下三题(答案均为B)：
(1) There I met several people, two of _________ being foreigners.
A. which B. them C. whom D. that
(2) There I met several people, two of _________ were foreigners.
A. which B. whom C. who D. that
(3) There I met several people, and two of _________ were foreigners.
A. which B. them C. whom D. that
独立主格的构成有哪些形式
一、独立主格结构的形式英语中，独立主格结构的形式有两类：一类是：名词或代词跟形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词连在一起，构成独立主格结构。另一类是：介词with / without后接名词或代词再跟形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词连在一起，构成独立主格结构。A. 名词或代词 + 形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词1. 名词 / 代词 + 不定式。如：A house to be built, we must save every cent. 由于要建一座房子，我们必须节省每一分钱。Now here is Li Lei, Wei Fang to come tomorrow. 现在李蕾来了，魏方明天到。2. 名词 / 代词 + -ing分词。如：The bus coming here soon, we should get everything ready. 汽车很快就要来了，我们应该把一切事情准备好。Mother being ill, Li Lei was very worried. 母亲病了，李蕾非常焦急。3. 名词 / 代词 + 动词的过去分词。如：His cup broken, he used his bowl instead. 茶杯破了，他就用碗来代替。4. 名词 / 代词 + 形容词。如：The ground muddy, we should be careful. 地面泞泥，我们应该小心。5. 名词 / 代词 + 副词。如：The class over, we all went out to play. 下课后，我们都出去玩。6. 名词 / 代词 + 介词短语。如Glasses in his hand, he asked where his glasses were. 手里拿着眼镜，他问他的眼镜哪去了。 B. 介词with / without + 名词或代词 + 形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词1. with / without + 名词或代词 + 形容词He spoke to us with his mouth full of food. 她口里含着食物跟我们说话。2. with / without + 名词或代词 + 副词He left the office with the lights on. 他离开了办公室，让灯亮着。3. with / without + 名词或代词 + 介词短语The engineer came with a notebook in his hand. 那个工程师手里拿着笔记本过来了。4. with / without + 名词或代词 + -ing分词Don’t brush your teeth with water running. 不要在刷牙时让水流着。5. with / without + 名词或代词 + 动词不定式With so much work to do, the manager felt very worried. 这么多工作要做，经理觉得很焦急。6. with / without + 名词或代词 + 动词的过去分词With the road blocked, they had to turn back and ran round it in another way. 由于道路被堵，他们不得不转身从另一条路绕过去。
英语独立主格结构
10.1 独立主格（一） 独立主格结构的构
成： ：
名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词； 名词
(代词)+形容词； 名词(代词)+副词； 名
词(代词)+不定式； 名词(代词) +介词短
语构成。 （二） 独立主格结构的特点：
1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的
主语不同，它独立存在。 2）名词或代
词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定
式，介词等是主谓关系。 3）独立主格
结构一般有逗号与主句分开。 举例：
The test finished, we began our
holiday. = When the test was
finished, we began our holiday. 考试
结束了，我们开始放假。 The
president assassinated, the whole
country was in deep sorrow. = After
the president was assassinated, the
whole country was in deep sorrow.
总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之
中。 Weather permitting, we are
going to visit you tomorrow. 如果天
气允许，我们明天去看你。 This done,
we went home. 工作完成后，我们才回
家。 The meeting gone over,
everyone tired to go home earlier. 会
议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。 He
came into the room, his ears red
with cold. 他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏
了。 He came out of the library, a
large book under his arm. 他夹着本厚
书，走出了图书馆 10.2 With 的复合结
构作独立主格 表伴随时，既可用分词的
独立结构，也可用 with 的复合结构。
with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/
形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语 举例: He
stood there, his hand raised. = He
stood there, with his hand raise. 典型
例题 The murder was brought in,
with his hands ___ behind his back。
A. being tied B. having tied C. to be
tied D. tied 答案 D. with +名词（代
词）+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示
伴随状况时，其主语常 常用 with 来引
导。由于本句中名词"手"与分词"绑"是
被动关系，因此用过去分词，选 D. 注
意: 1) 独立主格结构使用介词的问题：
当介词是 in 时，其前后的两个名词均不
加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词） ，也
不用复数。 但 with 的复合结构不受此
限制
A robber burst into the room, knife
in hand. ( hand 前不能加 his)。 2) 当
表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动
词用现在分 词，不及物动词用过去分
词。 He lay there, his teeth set, his
hand clenched, his eyes looking
straight up. 典型例题： Weather___,
we'll go out for a walk. A permitted B
permitting C permits D for permitting
答案 B. 本题中没有连词，它不是复合
句，也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗号，
且 we 小 写，可知其不是两个简单句。
能够这样使用的只有独立主格或 with
的复合结构。据此判断， 本句中使用的
是独立结构， 其结构为：名词+分词。
由于 permit 在这里翻译为'天气允许'，
表主动，应用现在分词，故选 B。 如果
不会判断独立结构作状语的形式，不妨
将句子改为条件句，例如本句改为 If
weather permits, we'll go out for a
walk. 然后将 if 去掉，再将谓语动词改
为非谓语动词即可。
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