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动词不定式用法
动词不定式在中学英语中应用非常广泛,一方面在句中可起名词、形容词或副词的作用,同时也可在句中作主语、宾语、定语、状语和宾语补足语。动词不定式的形式一般是to +动词原形,但to有时要省去。而动词不定式在具体运用时用不用to,取决于谓语动词的用法。现就以下几方面介绍如下。
一、 不定式结构
1. 带to的不定式结构
能直接跟带to的不定式结构的动词主要有:want, ask, tell, hope, learn, try, decide, forget, remember, like, love, stop, go, come等。如:
I want to go to the movies with you.
我想跟你一起去看电影。
Don’t forget to turn off the light before you leave.
在你离开之前别忘了关灯。
注意:动词不定式的否定形式是在不定式前直接加not,即not to do sth.。如:
Dave told me not to wake up Kate.
大卫告诉我别叫醒凯特。
2. 不带to的不定式结构
以下几种情况使用不带to的动词不定式:
(1)在固定词组had better之后。注意:had better的否定形式是had better not do sth.。如:
You had better go home now.
你最好现在回家。
It’s cold outside. You’d better not go out.
外面很冷,你最好不要出去。
(2)在let, make, see, feel, watch, hear等感官或使役动词后,要跟不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。如:
I made them give me the money back.
我迫使他们把钱还给我。
I didn’t see you come in.
我没看见你进来。
(3)在引导疑问句的why not之后。Why not+不带to的不定式是Why don’t you do的省略,可以用来提出建议或劝告。如:
Why not study with us?
为什么不和我们一起学呢?
Why not take a holiday?=Why don’t you take a holiday?
为什么不休个假呢?
(4)不定式动词在介词but, except, besides后面时,如这些介词前有实义动词do的各种形式,则后接不带to的不定式,否则带to。如:
I have no choice but to accept the fact.
除了接受这个事实我别无选择。
What do you like to do besides swim?
除了游泳你还喜欢做什么?
(5)为了避免重复,不定式可省去to。如:
I’m really puzzled what to think or say.
对于想什么或说什么,我真的很困惑。
二、 不定式的时态
不定式常用的时态有一般时、完成时、进行时和完成进行时四种,常用的为前三种。
1. 一般时
动词不定式的一般式表示不定式的动作或状态与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或在之后发生。如:
I plan to attend the meeting.
我计划参加这次会议。
2. 完成时
不定式的完成式表示不定式的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。如:
I am sorry to have kept you waiting.
很抱歉让你久等了。
3. 进行时
不定式的进行式表示不定式的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。如:
They are said to be working hard.
据说他们工作得很努力。
4. 完成进行时
不定式的完成进行式表示不定式的动作在谓语动词之前已经发生,并且一直进行着。如:
He is said to have been working in that factory for twelve years.
据说他已在那家工厂工作12年了。
三、 动词不定式在句中的作用
1. 作主语
如:To live is to work.
生活就是工作。
To save time is to lengthen life.
节约时间就等于延长了人的生命。
不定式结构作主语时,现代英语倾向于采用it作形式主语,而把不定式结构后置的形式。如:
It is important for students to study English.
学好英语对学生来说是很重要的。
2. 作定语
(1)不定式作定语,要放在它所修饰的名词或代词的后面。如:
I have nothing to say on this question.
对这个问题我无可奉告。
(2)如果不定式是不及物动词,后面就应有必要的介词。如:
Give me a piece of paper to write on. 给我一张纸写字。
(3)有些名词常可用不定式作定语。如:
Our teacher had no time to think about rest.
我们老师根本没时间考虑休息一下。
3. 作宾语
I wish to be a college student.
我希望成为一名大学生。
有的及物动词要求跟复合宾语(宾语+宾语补足语)。如果其中的宾语是不定式短语,则必须将形式宾语it放在宾语的位置上,而将不定式短语(真正的宾语)放在宾语补足语之前。如:
I find it useful to learn English well.
我发现学好英语很有用。
4. 作宾语补足语
动词不定式作宾语补足语是动词不定式用法的一个重点,学习时要注意以下三种情况。
(1)作动词ask, like, tell等的宾语补足语时,动词不定式符号to不可以省略。如:
He asked me to talk about English study.
他请我谈谈英语学习。
(2)作使役动词let, have, make以及感官动词feel, hear, see, watch等的宾语补足语时,动词不定式符号to要省略。如:
The teacher made him say the word like this.
老师让他像这样说这个单词。
(3)作动词help的宾语补足语时,动词不定式符号to可以带,也可以不带。如:
Could you help me (to) carry the heavy box?
你能帮我搬这个重箱子吗?
5. 作状语
动词不定式及其短语具有副词的特性,可在句中作状语。
(1)作目的状语。如:
He stopped to have a rest.
他停下来休息。
(2)作结果状语。如:
He woke up to find everybody gone.
他醒来发现大家都走了。
(3)在某些表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的形容词后作原因状语。如:
I’m sorry to hear your grandma is ill.
听到你奶奶生病真遗憾。
(4)在带有enough或too的句子里作状语,表程度。如:
He is old enough to go to school.
他到了上学年龄了。
(5)强调动词不定式所表示的目的时,动词不定式可用in order to或so as to +动词原形,so as to不用于句首。如:
The bus stopped so as to pick up passengers.
公共汽车停下来以便接乘客
求助的答案,互相帮助,望采纳,
英语动词不定式的用法总结
一、用作主语
直接把动词不定式置于句首的情况不多,多数情况用it作形式主语,把真正的主语——动词不定式置于句末,特别是不定式短语较长时。动词不定式作主语,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。带疑问词的不定式短语作主语常置于句首,复合不定式结构作主语常置于句末。如:
1.As young adults, it is our duty to try our best to deal with each challenge... (p.8)
2.The head teacher said it was necessary to talk with his mother. (p.16)
3.How to make requests politely is important.(p.93)
二、用作表语
动词不定式作表语,常说明主语的内容、性质、特征。如:
1.The best way to improve your English is to join an English club. (p.7)
2.The first thing is to greet the teacher. (p.96)
三、用作宾语
1.可以接带to的动词不定式作宾语的动词主要有:要求选择同意(ask, choose, agree),期望决定学习(expect, hope, decide, learn),宁可假装知道(prefer, pretend, know),希望想要愿意(wish, want, would like / love)。如:
1)We decided to talk to some students about why they go there. (p.88)
2)He prefers to eat white bread and rice.(p.50)
3)Id love to visit Mexico.(p.53)
2.动词decide, know, learn, show, teach, tell...,介词结构on...可用疑问词带to的不定式短语作宾语,但why后面的不定式不带to。如:
1)Could you please tell me where to park my car?(p.92)
2)It gives advice on what to do in lots of different situations. (p.32)
3.动词feel, find, make, think等后面,可以用it作形式宾语代替真正的宾语——动词不定式,句子结构是...feel / find / make / ... it+adj. / n.+to do...。如:
I find it difficult to remember everything. (p.98)
4.既可接动词不定式又可接ving形式作宾语,意思差别不太大的动词有begin, start, like, love等。一般说来,动词不定式表一次、数次的具体动作、将来动作或动作的全过程,ving形式表习惯性的连续动作。但是这种区别并不很严格,特别是美国英语,即使是习惯性的动作也可以用动词不定式。如:
1)Then I started to watch English-language TV.(p.6)
2)I’m beginning to understand my Chinese roots, and who I am. (p.116)
begin用了进行时态,后面只接不定式作宾语,表示事情刚开始,还要继续下去。
3)I like to eat vegetables. (p.118)
感知动词like, love, know等一般不用进行时态。
5.后接动词不定式或ving形式作宾语,意思差别较大的动词有forget, remember等。后接不定式作宾语,表动作尚未发生;后接ving形式作宾语,表动作已经发生。stop to do停下来做另外一件事,to do是目的状语;stop doing停止做、不做当前这件事,doing是宾语。try to do尽力做,try doing试试看;go on to do接着做另外的事,go on doing继续做原来的事。如:
1)When I left home, I had forgotten to bring it with me.(p.107)
2)I stopped using them last year. (p.121)
四、用作定语
1.句子的主语或宾语是动词不定式的逻辑主语,不定式与其所修饰的名词、代词等存在逻辑的动宾关系时,用动词不定式的主动式。如:
1)I have so many chores to do today.(p.112)
2)I cant think of any good advice to give her. (p.31)
3)Basketball has also become a more popular sport for people to watch.(p.75)
2.动词不定式所修饰的名词是place, time, way等时,不定式与这些名词呈现出动状关系或同位关系。如:1)He needs time to do homework.(p.19)
2)Is that a good place to hang out?(p.88)
3)You want to know the best way to get around the city.(p.127)
3.在“there be...”句型里,句子的主语是动词不定式动作的对象,常用主动式。如:
1)There’s just so much to see and do here.(p.49)
2)... but there are still many things to do there.(p.54)
五、用作补语
动词不定式作补语时,在主动语态句里补宾语,在被动语态句里补主语,句子的宾语或主语是不定式动作的逻辑执行者。如果不定式是to be done,句子的宾语或主语就是逻辑承受者。
1.在主、被动语态句里用带to的动词不定式作补语的动词主要有:要求允许提议(ask, allow, permit, advise),期望邀请鼓励(expect, suppose, invite, encourage),教导告诉想要(teach, tell, want),等待希望愿意(wait for, wish, would like / love)。如:
1)Id invite her to have dinner at my house.(p.29)
2)Teenagers should be allowed to choose their own clothes. (p.18)
3)Email English is supposed to be used on mobile phones.(p.101)
2.动词不定式作补语,在主动语态句里不带to,被动语态句里带to时多数动词是感官动词和使役动词,包括四“看”:look at, observe, see, watch,三“让”:have, let, make,二“听”:hear, listen to,一“感觉”:feel,一“注意”:notice。如:
1)This picture makes me feel tense!(p.106)
2)Of course we want to see Liu Yu achieve his dreams.(p.24)
3.help后接动词不定式作补语,to可带可不带。一般说来,带to表间接帮助,不带to表直接帮助。在被动语态句里,或者用不定式的否定式作补语时要带to。如:
1)... they can help you to compare two different products so that you can buy the one you really need.(p.106)
2)Using email English helps you write quickly. (p.100)
4.be said, be sure, happen, seem等后面可以接带to的动词不定式作主语的补语。如:
1)He doesn’t seem to have many friends.(p.19)
2)Be sure not to miss them if they come to a city near you.(p.114)
六、用作状语
1.目的状语,置于句首或句末,置于句首时常表示强调。如:
1)In order not to offend people, learning about language etiquette is just as important as learning grammar or vocabulary.(p.93)
2)A group of young people got together to(in order to / so as to) discuss this question. (p.50)
to do / in order to do / so as to do用作目的状语,置句末时都可以用,置句首时只用to do / in order to do。so as to do一般不置于句首,可以引导结果状语从句,in order to do不引导结果状语从句。
2.原因状语,多见于“sb.+be+adj.+to do...”结构句中。如:
1)My dogs name is “Lucky”—a good name for him because I feel very lucky to have him.(p.66)
2)On Monday he told a radio interviewer that he had run out of money to buy old bikes. (p.64)
3.结果状语,多见于“too...to”,“enough to...”结构句中。如:
1)Then I’m too tired to do well. What should I do?(p.28)
2)The room needs to be big enough for three people to live in.(p.56)
4.有些动词不定式作状语,常说明前面形容词的性质和特性。动词不定式与句子的主语有逻辑的动宾关系。动词不定式前面的形容词一般是:cheap, dangerous, difficult, easy, fun, hard, interesting, necessary。不定式常用主动式表被动意义。
... the mistakes you made are necessary for you to learn and understand.(p.116)
这类句子中的动词不定式可改为主语。
5.独立动词不定式多用作插入语,表示说话人的心理状态或对事情的看法。如:
1)Id like to stay healthy, but to be honest, I only eat food that tastes good.(p.50)
2)To begin with, she spoke too quickly, and I couldn’t understand every word. (p.6)
七、动词不定式的复合结构
动词不定式的复合结构是“for / of sb. to do sth.”,for / of引出不定式动作的逻辑主语。这种结构在句子中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等。不定式复合结构的介词用for还是of,主要决定于前面形容词的性质。一般说来,of前面的形容词是careful, clever, foolish, good, kind, nice, wise等,既说明人的特性,又说明不定式动作的特性。for前面的形容词是dangerous, difficult, easy, hard, heavy, important, interesting, necessary等,一般说明不定式动作的特性,不说明人的特性。前面如果是名词用for。如:
1.Its also probably a good idea for parents to allow teenagers to study in groups during the evening. (p.22)
2.Zoos are terrible places for animals to live.(p.120)
八、带疑问词的不定式短语
动词不定式前面可以带疑问代词what, which, who或疑问副词how, when, where, why等。这种结构起名词的作用,在句子里用作宾语、主语、表语等,或者单独使用。要注意的是,why后面的不定式不带to。如:
1.用作句子的成分。
1)I don’t know what to try next. (p.49)(作宾语)
2)Where to go is not decided yet.(作主语)
2.单独使用时相当于一个特殊疑问句。
1)What to do next?(=What will we / you do next?)
2)Why go there?(=Why do we / you go there?)
九、动词不定式的否定式
不定式的否定式是not / never to do...,不带to的不定式的否定式是not / never do...如:
1.Sometimes they have disagreements, and decide not to talk to each other.(p.8)
2.His parents tell him never to drive after drinking.
不定式的六种用法口诀
1、不定式的一般式:
动词不定式一般式即to+动词原形,所表示的动作是和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,但在多数情况下,是在谓语动词所表示的动作之后发生,不定时一般式与句子主语、宾语或for sb to do sth。结构中的介词宾语有逻辑上的主谓关系。
2、不定式的完成式:
即to have+过去分词。动词不定式完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前,它的逻辑主语也是句子的主语或宾语。
3、不定式的进行式:
to be+现在分词,动词不定式进行式所表示的动作正在进行中,而且与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。
4、不定式的否定式:
动词不定式的否定式是由not+动词不定式构成。
5、不定式的被动式:
当不定时的被动式逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,用不定时的被动形式,即to be done或to have been done。
6、to代替整个不定式:
如果句子前面出现过同样的动词,为避免重复,句子后边的不定式应省略动词原形及其后续部分,只保留不定式的符号to。
动词不定式的时态用法总结
从理论上说,不定式有四种时态形式,即一般式、进行式、完成式和完成进行式,但是只有前三种是常用的,完成进行式只在某些极其罕见的特殊情况下才会用到。以下仅主要就前三种形式做一点简略的介绍。
一、一般式
to
do
1.
用作感官动词或
help
的宾语补足语,表示其行为与谓语动词同时发生,如:
I
saw
him
go
out.
我看到她出去了。
Would
you
help
me
to
put
things
in
order
before
we
leave.
在我离开前你能帮我整理一下东西吗?
2.
多数情况下表示其行为发生在谓语动词之后,如:
I
hope
to
see
you
again.
(to
see
发生在
hope
之后)。
The
boy
said
he
wanted
to
be
a
singer.
(to
be
发生在
whanted
之后)
二、进行式
to
be
doing
表示其行为与谓语动词同时发生,如:
He
seems
to
be
recovering.
看来他正在痊愈。
When
he
came
in,
I
happened
to
be
lying
on
the
bed.
他进来的时候,我碰巧正好躺在床上。
三、完成式
to
have
done
表示其行为发生在谓语动词之前,如:
I
am
sorry
to
have
kept
you
waiting.
(to
have
kept
发生在
am
sorry
之前)
对不起,让你久等了。
For
a
moment
I
ssemed
to
have
lost
consciousness.
(to
have
lost
发生在
seemed
之前)
刹那间我似乎已经失去了知觉。
四、完成进行式
to
have
been
doing
(表示发生在谓语动前的行为一直持续到谓语动词行为出现时还在进行)
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