本文目录
英语中定语从句的结构
定语从句中的关系词可分为:关系代词(that
which
who
whose
whom)其中who指人,作主语;whom作宾语;which只能指物。而that
whose既可指人,又可指物。在非限定性定语从句和介词提前时,只能用which,其余时候用that
which或用who要根据指人指物而定。而如果有所属关系时,应用whose.在这些代词中,若做宾语则可省略,做其他成分不能省。关系副词(where
when)其中where指地点
在句中作状语,而when指时间,在句中也作状语。
同位语从句和定语从句很像,但也有区别。从性质上区别
定语从句是从句对其先行词的修饰或限制,属于形容词性从句;而同位语从句是从句对前面抽象名词的进一步的说明和解释,属于名词性从句。
而名词性从句是指所修饰词由一个名词来充当。
there be的定语从句的关系代词
【语法】
(1) 关系代词who,whom,whose,that,which,as的用法
英语中的关系代词有who,whom,whose,that,which,as,它们是用来引导定语从句的。关系代词既代表定语从句所修饰的词,又在其所引导的从句中承担一个成分, 如主语、宾语、表语或定语。如:
This is the man who saved your son.
这就是救了你儿子的那个人。(who在从句中作主语,先行词是man)
The man whom I met yesterday is Jim.
我昨天见到的那个人是吉姆。(whom在从句中作宾语,它的先行词是man)
He wants a room whose window looks out over the sea.
他想要个窗户面临大海的房间。(whose在从句中作定语,它的先行词是room)
I walked to the gate that opened towards the lake.
我走向那扇临湖的大门。(that在从句中作主语,它的先行词是gate)
This is the pen which he bought yesterday.(which在从句中作宾语,它的先行词是pen,可省略)
As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.
众所周知,月球每个月绕地球转一周。(as在从句中作主语,指代主句)
(2)关系代词who,whom,whose的区别
a) who和whom均只用于指人,不用于指事或物,其中who在定语从句中用作主语,whom在定语从句中用作宾语。Who有时可代替whom作宾语,但在介词后面一定要用whom作介词的宾语。如:
She said she huffed the persons who flattered her.
她说她看不起那些拍她马屁的人。
The man who / whom you met just now is called Jim.
你刚遇见的'那个人叫吉姆。
She brought with her three friends, none of whom I had ever met before.
她带了3个朋友来,我以前都没见过。
b)关系代词whose既可用于指人,也可用于指事或物,它在定语从句中主要用作定语。如:
This is the woman whose name is known all over the country.
这个是一个名字被整个国家所熟知的女科学家。
练习题
1、关系代词who的用法:who“谁”,用来表示人,在定语从句中作主语。这里的who一般可以用that来替换。
【例1】Jack, there is someone in the office_____ would like to speak with you.
A. who B. which C. whom
【研习】先行词是“someone”表示人,所填的关系代词在定语从句中作主语,所以排除B和C选项。故选择A。这里的who可以用that来替换。
2、关系代词that的用法:that 的具体意思由先行词的意思决定,它可以表示人,也可以表示物。作主语表示人时,that和who一般可以互换;作宾语表示人时,that和 whom一般可以互换;作主语、宾语表示物时,that 和which一般可以互换,而且都可以省略。
【例2】The scientist and his achievements________you told me about are admired by us all .
A. that B. which C. who D. whose
【研习】先行词是“the scientist and his achievements”,表示人和物,在定语从句中作主语或宾语只用that。故选择A。
【例3】The boy _______I talked with just now is my best friend .
A. which B. that C. whose D. where
【研习】先行词是“the boy”,表示人作宾语,答案A是物,答案C和D分别作定语和状语,故选择B。这里的that可以用whom来替换(可以省略)。
【例4】The book _______he bought yesterday is very interesting .
A . 不填B. why C. when D. what
【研习】先行词是“the book”,表示物,关系代词作定语从句的宾语;答案B和C作状语,D不能引导定语从句。故选择A。
英语语法定语从句
定语从句是英语常见的用来联系多个句子的句型,作用强大而且简单易用。我在这里整理了相关知识,快来学习学习吧!
英语语法:定 语 从 句
一、关系代词引导的定语从句
1、that 指人或物在从句中作主语,宾语或表语
which 指物在从句中作主语,宾语或表语(作宾语时可以省略)
who 指人在从句中作主语,宾语或表语
whom 指人在从句中作宾语
whose 指人或物在从句中作定语
as 指人或物在从句中作主语,宾语或表语
but 指人或物在从句中作主语,宾语或表语
注意:指物时,whose+名词=the+名词+of which或 of which+the+名词
2、as 的用法
(1)常用于下列结构:such…as; so…as;the same…as; as…as
注意:the same…as 表示同一类,不同一个
the same…that 表示同一个
(2)as与which的区别
a、位置不同
as可放在主句后,主句前
或主句中间;which只能放在主句后。
b、as起连接作用,表达说话人的观点、看法,并指出主句内容的根据或出处,意为“正如,正像”。
Which相当于并列句,可以用and this来代替,意为“这一点,这件事’”。
注意:as常用于下列结构:as we know/ as is known to all, as we all can see, as has been said before/above,
as might be excepted, as is often the case, 一般不能用which代替as。
c、在从句中作主语时,which既可作系动词be的主语也可作实义动词的主语,而as只可作系动词be的主语。
二、只用that不用which的情况
1、.先行词为 all , much, everything, nothing , something ,anything, nothing, none, the one等不定代词时
2、先行词被only, any, few, little, no , all, just , very ,right等修饰时.
3、 当先行词是最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。
4、 当先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时。
5、当先行词是数词时.
6、 当先行词既指人又指物时。
7、如有两个定语从句,其中一个关系代词已用which,另一个关系代词则宜用 that。
8、主句是There be结构,修饰其主语的定语从句宜用that 作关系代词。
9、被修饰成分为表语,或者关系代词本身是定语从句的表语时,该关系代词宜用that。
10、先行词为what,关系代词用that。
11、有时为了避免重复而使用that引导定语从句。
三、只用which不用that的情况
1、 当介词放在关系代词之前时。
2、 在非限制性定语从句中。
3、 当关系代词指整个主句的概念时。
四、只用who不用that的情况
1、当先行词是one, ones,anyone或those时。
2、there be 结构中。
3、当先行词是人,后面有较长修饰语时。
4、为了避免重复或引起歧义。
5、当先行词是I,you,he,they等时(常用于谚语中)。
6、先行词是指成员的集体名词。
7、who可以引导非限制性定语从句。
8、先行词是拟人化的名词。
9、先行词指特定的人时用who,不指特定的人用that。
五、关系副词引导的定语从句
1、when时间状语
注意:It/Ihis/That + be + the first/ second/ last time that… 只能用that,that可以省略,从句用相应的完成时。
2、where 地点状语
注意:当先行词为模糊的地点时,如point. Situation, case, position, stage, scene, spot, activity, family, job等名词时用where.
3、why 原因状语 先行词为reason。
六、介词与关系代词
1、介词如何确定
(1)依据定语从句中动词的习惯搭配来确定
(2)依据先行词的习惯搭配来确定
(3)根据意思来确定
(4)为了强调某一名词,不定式前加上关系词
2、关系代词作介词的宾语时,介词的位置
(1)whom和which可以和介词一起放在先行词和从句之间,也可以把介词放在从句中有关动词的后面。
(2)含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开,介词仍放在动词的后面。
(3)关系代词that在从句中作介词宾语时,介词不能放在它的前面,只能放在从句中有关动词的后面。
(4)关系代词whose也可以在从句中与它所修饰的名词一起作介词宾语。
3、“名词/数词/代词+介词+关系代词”结构常见的形式有:名词/one/two/some/none/all/both/several/many/most/a few/a little/the+比较级/the+最高级…+of+which/whom。
七、定语从句中的主谓一致
1、关系代词作从句的主语时,从句中谓语动词的人称和数要与先行词保持一致,先行词是句子时,从句的谓语动词用单数形式。
2、“one of+复数名词”位于关系代词前作先行词时,关系代词在从句中作主语,从句的动词通常用复数,但当one前有the,the only,the very等修饰时,从句的谓语动词要用单数。
八、注意way和time后接定语从句的情况
1、当先行词是way,且意为“方式、方法”时,引导定语从句的关系词有下列三种形式:that/in which/不填。
注意:关系词在从句中必须作状语。如果关系词在从句中作主语或宾语,按正常的定语从句分析。
2、当先行词是time时,若time作“次数”讲,应用that引导定语从句,that可省略;若time作“一段时间”讲,应用关系副词when或介词at/during+which引导定语从句。
相见时难别亦难 “小离别”英语怎么说?
遇到“小别离”英语怎么说?
Migrants feel uprooted from friends and relatives.
移民有一种亲友别离,情谊割断之感。
This is real life, we must go through the parting, reunion will be valuable to know.
这就是生活的真实,我们必须要经历了别离,才会知道重逢的可贵。
Since fate has foreseen our meeting and leaving, why not compromise to it?
既然命运安排了我们的相聚和别离,又何必强求呢?
He had something he must say to her before he bade her a long farewell.
有一桩心事必须在和她长远别离之前对她说出来。
The seagulls fly off, the waves roll away and we depart.
海鸥飞去,波澜滚滚地流开,我们也别离了。
And ever has it been that love knows not its own depth until the hour of separation.
除非临到了别离的时候,爱永远不会知道自己的深浅。
I couldn't even take proper leave of Amundsen.
我离不开阿姆森了。
I got away as quick as I could.
我尽快离开了。
That afternoon I was on my way home after three years of absence.
英语定语从句关系词的作用
英语定语从句关系词的用法与区别定语从句即指在主从复合句用作定语的从句.定语从句通常修饰名词或代词,对它进行限制、描绘和说明.受定语从句修饰的词语叫先行词,引导定语从句的词语叫关系词.关系词按其性质又分关系代词和关系副词.关系词不仅引导定语从句,同时还在定语从句充当一定的句子成分.
一、关系词的用法特点关系词分关系代词和关系副词.关系代词主要有 that,who,whom,whose,which,as 等,其中who等,其中whowhom 只用于指人,which和as 只用于指事物,whose和 that既可于指人也可用于指物,它们在定语从句可用作主语、宾语、表语或定语;关系副词主要有when,where 和why,其中when表示时间,whenwhere表地点,why表原因,它们在定语从句中均用作状语:The dog which [that] was lost has been found.丢失的狗找到了.(which / that指物,在从句中用作主语)I have forgotten everything that I learnt at school.我把学校学的所有东西都给忘了.(that指物,在从句中句作宾语(that)The man who lives in that house is my uncle.住在那座房子里的人是我叔叔.(who指人,在从句中作主语)It was an island whose name I have forgotten.这是一座岛,名字我忘了.There are some students whose questions I can’t answer.有些学生提出的问题我回答不了.(whose指人,在从句中作定语)
二、关系词的选择选择关系词可考虑以下四点:(1) 一看先行词的意义,即分清先行词是指人、指物、时间、地点还是原因(如指物时不能用who或whowhom,指人时通常不用which等).(2) 二看关系词的句法功能,即分清关系词是担任什么句子成分,是作主语还是宾语、是作定语还是状语等(如作定语通常用whose,有时也用which;作状语要用when,where,why);作状语要.(3) 三看定语从句的种类,即分清是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句(如that和why通常不引导非限制性定语从句).(4) 四看文体,即分清是正式文体还是非正式文体,是书面语体还是口语体.(4)
三、两组关系词的用法区别1.that 与 which的用法区别两者都可指物,有时可互换.其区别主要在于:(1) 引导非限制性定语从句时,通常只用which:He drove too fast,which was dangerous.他开车很快,这是很危险的.(2) 直接放在介词后作宾语时,通常只用which:whichThe tool with which he is working is called a hammer.他干活用的那个工具叫做锤子.(3) 当先行词是much,little,none,all,few,every(thing),any(thing),no(thing) 等不定代词或受其修饰时,通常用that:All [Everything] that can be done must be done.凡能做的事都必须做.(4) 当先行词受the very,the only,the same 等修饰时,通常用that:This is the only example that I know.我知道的例子只有这一个.Those are the very words that he used.那是他的原话.(5) 当先行词有形容词最高级或序数词(包括last,next等)等修饰时,通常用that:This is the best dictionary that I’ve ever used.这是我用过的最好的词典.The first thing that you should do is to work out a plan.你应该做的第一件事是订个计划.(6) 当关系代词在定语从句中用作表语时,通常用that:China is not the country (that) it was.中国已不是过去的样子了.(7) 当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时,通常用(7) that:
They talked about the persons and things that most impressed them.他们谈论了使他们印象最深的人和事.
(8) 当要避免重复时:Which is the course that we are to take?我们选哪门课程?2.that与who的用法区别(1) 两者均可指人,有时可互换:All that [who] heard him were delighted.所有听了他讲话的人都很高兴.Have you met anybody that [who] has been to Paris?你遇见过到过巴黎的人吗?He is the only one among us that [who] knows Russian.他是我们中间惟一懂俄语的人.(2) 但是在下列情况,通常要用 that:①当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时:I made a speech on the men and things that I had seen abroad.我就我在国外所见到的人和事作了报告.②当先行词是who时(为避免重复):Who that has sympathy can laugh on that occasion?有同情心的人谁会在那个时候发笑呢?③当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时(可省略):Tom is not the boy (that) he was.汤姆这孩子已不是以前那个样子了
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