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虚拟语气用法总结(完整)
老师叮咛:李辉老师说,语法填空这种题型,考点极其固定,因为百年以来英语语法都没发生过巨大的变化。高考语法考点本来就有限,能用填空这种形式来考的语法考点就更有限了。只要掌握知识点,考试必须妥妥的!下面的虚拟语气“很重要”!经过了全网首席高考英语名师李辉老师团队高度认真的整理校对,无错,可信!可供全国各省高中生打印、学习、背诵!
一、语气概述
时态语态一样,语气也是谓语动词的一种形式,它表明说话者的目的和意图。英语中有三种语气:陈述语气,祈使语气和虚拟语气。(有的语法书说语气有四种,即还包括疑问语气)。
eg:
①He doesn ’ t see very well in his right eye. 他右眼视力不太好。(陈述语气)
②Have they ever been to Australia ? 他们去过澳大利亚没有?(疑问语气)
③Please read through the instruction in advance. 请先通读说明书。(祈使语气)
二、虚拟语气概述
在英语中,由于说话人的意图不同,动词需用不同的形式,称为语气。虚拟语气是指说话人表示一种假设的情况,一种愿望,怀疑,推测,请求等,即认为动词所表示的动作或状态并非事实。虚拟语气可用于状语从句,名词性从句,定语从句及其他结构中。
三、虚拟语气的定义
如果一件事不是真实的,而是虚拟的,就在这个动词身上加一个did。
四、非真实条件句中的虚拟语气
A.由 If 引导的两种条件句:
真实条件句(遵循主将从现原则)
非真实条件句(虚拟语气)
以下为 If 在非真实条件句中虚拟语气的形式和用法:
eg:
① If I were you ,I would reconsider their advice .
如果我是你的话,我会重新考虑他们的意见。(与现在事实相反)
② You would not have caught a cold if you had put on more clothes .
如果你多穿了些衣服,你就不会得感冒了。(与过去事实相反)
③ If I were to / should do i t ,I would do it in different way.
如果我做这件事,我将用不同的方法做。(与将来事实相反)
注意:在非正式文体中,如果 If 条件句中有助动词 were / should / had 可将其提于主语之前(位于句首),再把 If 省掉,即形成部分倒装。
当主从句所表示的时间不一致时,主从句按各自的时间采用相应的谓语形式。
常见的有:
①If I were you ... = Were I you ... 如果我是你/我要是你......
② If it were not for ... = Were it not for ... 如果要不是......
③ If it had not been for ...=Had it not been for ... 如果当时要不是......
(③主句用: should / could / would / might + have done 的形式,ps.在此结构中,had为助动词。若为谓语动词,则不能省略、倒装。)
B.错综时间条件句
主句和从句不是一个时间平台,需要分别在三个时间平台里“选形式”。
从过完用had done,主过将用would do
从用should / were to,主过将完用would have done
eg:
① If the weather had been more favorable ,the crops would be growing still better.
如果天气更好的话,庄稼就会长得跟好些。(从句指过去,主句指现在)
②If I were you ,I would have taken his advice.
我要是你,我就采取了他的建议。(从句指现在,主句指过去)
C.含蓄虚拟条件句(if省略句)
有时假设的情况不以条件句的形式表现出了,而是通过一个介词短语或分词或其他方式表现出来。当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were / should / had时,if可以省略,这时条件从句要用倒装语序,即把were, should, had等词置于句首,这种多用于书面语。
(1)省略if
Step1:去掉if。
Step2:助系情提到主语之前。
• Were I you, I would go.
• Had I known about the party, I would have come.
• Should I go abroad, I would buy you a gift.
注意:在虚拟主句中,主语只有是第一人称时,才能用should。
(2)根本没有if
有些句子里,没有if,但是有but for(若不是)/ without / under / otherwise / but / or / but that(若不是)等,此时可把它们看做虚拟条件句,然后根据时间平台,选择主句的动词形式。
• Without your help, I wouldn’t have passed the exam.
= If you didn’t help me, I wouldn’t have passed the exam.
=But for your help, I would not have passed this exam.
• I don’t have your telephone number, otherwise / or I would have called you back.
= If I had your number, I would have called you back.
• What would you do with a million dollars?
=What would you do if you had a million dollars?
D.wish,as if / though和 if only 用法
(1)wish用法如下:
1.表示与现在相反的愿望: 主语 + wish (that)...did (were)...
eg: I wish I were a bird.
2.表示与过去相反的愿望: 主语 + wish (that)...had done...
eg: I wish I had seen the film.
(注意:如果wish在表达对过去情况的虚拟而不是未实现的愿望时,有
时也可用:主语+wish(that)...would / could have done)
3.表示与将来相反的愿望: 主语 + wish (that)... could / would / might do
eg: I wish you would do that again.
(2)由 as if/though引导的表语从句
虚拟:同wish用法;be在第一,三人称可用were / was。
陈述:表示可能发生的几率很大或被假设为真实的。
(3)If only...引导的条件句
(常用感叹的形式)表示强烈的不满,遗憾或愿望,主句常省略,意为:“要是 / 如果......该多好啊 / 就好了!”。(注意:“only if ...”意为:“只要......”,位于句首时采用部分倒装。)
eg:
①If only I could see him once more ! 我要是再见到他就好了!
②If only we had telephoned him in advance ! 要是事先给他打个电话就好了!
E. Suppose / Supposing / providing / provided (that)... / what if...等某些特殊的连词后引导的条件句中(有时无主句),表示与现在或将来事实相反用 did ;表示与过去相反用 had done 。
eg:
①Suppose / Supposing (that) we told her the truth. 假定我们把事情的真相告诉她。
②What if you came tomorrow instead of today. 如果我是你明天来而不是今天来呢?
F.would rather后的宾语从句:表示愿望或尚未发生的动作。
had / would sooner / rather + that...从句中意为“宁愿”,用did(be动词用were)表示对现在或将来的虚拟;用had done表示对过去的虚拟。
eg:
①She will get home at dinner time, but I would rather she got home a little earlier.
②He got drunk last night. I ’ d rather he hadn ’ t drunk so much.
五、名词性从句中的虚拟语气 (should 类虚拟语气 )
即主句含有:建议、命令、请求、要求、愿望、主张等意思时,后面的从句用 (should)+V 原/ should have done的形式。但注意,若从句中含有“竟然,惊讶,诧异 ” 之意时, “ should ” 则不可以省。
(常见简记:一坚持,二命令,三建议,四要求) 其他同下述用法:urge / propose
insist
order / command
advise / suggest / recommend +(that) sb. (should) do
ask / require / request / demand
eg:
①The teacher suggested that we (should) make good use of every minute.
②He ordered that all the book (should) be sent at once.
③She insisted that she (should) go to the south for her holiday.
注意:
六、 副词性从句中的虚拟语气
A.as if / though用法
虽同wish,但也有一些区别,如下:
as if / though从句时态不受主句限制 。
①在谈论现在情形时用一般过去时。
②在谈论过去情形时用:
Ⅰ.一般过去时:表示过去当时存在的某种状态,但若状态动词后带有持续的时间状语,则要用过去完成时。
eg:
①They talked as if they had been friends for years. 他们谈起话来,好像是多年的朋友。
②He looked at me as if I were mad. 他看着我,好像我疯了似的。
Ⅱ.过去完成时: 表过去的动作先于主句而发生,即使主句是现在时,as if 从句中的谓语动词也要用 had done。
eg: It seems as if it had gone bad.它闻起来好像坏了。
③在谈论将来情形时用: would (could/might)+do
B.in case / lest / for fear that表“以防,以免”等引导的目的状语中的虚拟语气,其后的形为:(should)+
V原 (但注意in case 句中的should通常不省)。若不用虚拟也可用陈述,即用: 一般现在时或过去时。
C.even if / though “ 即使/纵然/虽然 ”
虚拟:同 if 用法相同。(方法:主句含有情态动词的过去式)
陈述:表示真实情况。
七、形容词性从句中的虚拟语气
八、 虚拟语气固定句型
1. Would you mind+主语 + 谓语虚拟? 您是否介意 …?
2. would rather (that) 主语 + 谓语虚拟 宁愿 …
3. It is high time that sb. d id / (should) do sth. 到某人做某事的时间
4. It is necessary / important / essential / strange / natural /
advisable / surprising that sb. (should) do sth .
5. It is a pity / duty / shame / regret that sb. (should) do sth.
6 But for / Without + sth. +主语+谓语虚拟 要不是…
7. If only+主语 + 谓语虚拟 要是…就好了!
8.主句+ as if / as though +主语+谓语虚拟 就好像…
九、情态动词+have done
could / mig ht have done 本来能做却没做
s hould / ought to have done 本该做而实际上没做(抱怨和责备)
should not / ought not to have done 本不该做而做了
needn ’ t have done 本不必做而做了
十、虚拟语气的其他用法
(1)表示过去本打算做而实际上没有做。
句型:had done (be / intend / think / mean / plan / hope etc) to do
= V-ed + to have done ,would love / like to have done
(2)had hoped表过去未实现的愿望,译为“要想,希望 … ”,从句谓语常用“would +V原”。
eg: He had hoped that the family would come before his granny came.———2013年湖北高考
(3)may(might) as well + V原 ,译为“不妨,倒不如”,表示劝说、建议、劝告。
若其后带有某种消极情绪时,常用:might.
[if !supportLists](4) [endif] 表示祝愿、命令的简单句中。常用“may +主语+动词原形”。
eg:
①Long may you live.
②May you have a good journey!
(5)表示对过去事情的懊悔时,谓语用“should + have + 过去分词”。
eg: You should have returned the money to Mary.
十一、 虚拟语气解题常用技巧
1.找固定句型 。
2.主过将从过 ; 主过将完从过完 。
十二、虚拟用法形式总结
含三种:
①所有含if的从句(除what if … 外)。
②wish从句。
含两种:
①某些特殊连词后的条件句。
②what if … 从句。
③would rather从句。
④定从中的虚拟。
含一种:
①含蓄虚拟语气(情+have done / do)。
②名词性从句(除 wish 外)与表“ 以防 ”意义的条件句中的虚拟一样(should+V原)。
虚拟语气的用法归纳记忆口诀
1、对现在假设的情况
从句:If+主语+动词一般过去时(Be动词用were)
主句:主语+ should/would/might/could+do;
If I were you, I would take an umbrella.
如果我是你,我会带把伞。(事实:我不可能是你)
If I knew his telephone number, I would tell you.
如果我知道他的电话号码,我就会告诉你。(事实:不知道)
If there were no air or water, there would be no living things on the earth.
如果没有水和空气,地球上就不会有生物。(事实:地球上既有空气也有水)
2、对过去没做的事情的假设
实际还是没做
从句:If+主语+had+done
主句:主语+should/would/might/could+have done
If I had got there earlier, I should/would have met her.
如果我早到那儿,我就会见到她。(事实:去晚了)
If he had taken my advice, he would not have made such a mistake.
如果他听我的劝告的话,就不会犯这样的错误了。(事实:没有听我的话)
3、对过去没做的事情的假设
实际还是没做
从句:
①if+主语+were to do
②if+主语+should+do
③if+主语+动词一般过去式(be动词用were)
主句:
主语+should/would/might/could+do
例:
If he should come here tomorrow, I would talk to him.
如果他明天来这儿的话,我就跟他谈谈。(事实:来的可能性很小,不可能)
If there were a heavy snow next Sunday, we would go skating.
如果下周日下大雪,我们就去滑冰。(事实:下雪可能性很小,不可能)
If she were to be here next Monday, I would tell her about the matter.
如果她下周一来这儿的话,我就会告诉她这件事的始末。(事实:来的可能性很小,不可能)
4、错综条件句
有时,虚拟条件句中, 如果主句和从句的谓语动作若不是同时发生时, 虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。这种条件句叫错综条件句。
①从句的动作与过去事实相反,而主句的动作与正在发生的事实不符。
例:
If I had worked hard at school,I would be an engineer now.
如果我当时在学校学习刻苦的话,我现在就是一个工程师了
If they had informed us,we would not come here now.
如果他们通知过我们的话,我们现在就不会来这里了。
②从句的动作与现在事实相反,而主句的动作与过去事实不符。
例:
If he were free today, we would have sent him to Beijing.
如果他今天有空的话,我们就已经派他去北京了。
If he knew her, he would have greeted her.
要是他认识她的话,他肯定会去问候她了。
扩展资料
应用条件:
在表示假想的虚假的、与事实相反的或难以实现的情况时用虚拟语气,表示主观愿望或某种强烈情感时,也用虚拟语气。即当一个人说话时欲强调其所说的话是基于自己的主观想法,愿望,假想,猜测,怀疑或建议,而不是根据客观实际,就用虚拟语气。主要是英语语法的一种表达。
虚拟语气的基本用法归纳
虚拟条件句的三种基本类型:与现在事实相反、与过去事实相反、与将来事实相反。1、与现在事实相反,条件从句的谓语用过去式,主句谓语用should(would,could,might)+动词原形。2、与过去事实相反,条件从句的谓语用过去完成时(had+过去分词),主句谓语用should(would,could,might)+have+过去分词。3、与将来事实相反,条件从句的谓语用过去式(be通常用were),主句谓语用should(would,could,might)+动词原形。
虚拟语气的用法
1、主语从句中的虚拟语气主要取决于某些形容词和过去分词,用来表示建议、命令、要求、惊异和失望等。其形式为:(should)+动词原形。
2、表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语气在表示建议、命令、主张、目的和愿望等名词后面的表语从句和同位语从句中谓语动词要求使用虚拟语气。其形式为:(should)+动词原形。
3、宾语从句中的虚拟语气
1)某些动词后所接宾语从句中的谓语动词要求用虚拟语气,用来表示建议、命令和要求等。其形式为:(should)+动词原形。
2)在以it为形式宾语的复合宾语从句中也可以用虚拟语气,其形式为:(should)+动词原形。这一句型中使用的形容词(宾补)与主语从句中的虚拟语气所使用的形容词相同。
3)wish后面所跟的宾语从句中的虚拟语气表示某种不能实现的原望。
4、错综、混合虚拟语气
通常,在上面表格里反映的是非真实条件句的虚拟语气模式,从句和主句的谓语动词时间是一致的,如果两者时间不一致,此时就是混合型虚拟语气。混合型虚拟语气的使用要求“各自为政”,即从句和主句根据各自假设的时间不同,采用上面表格中对应的的谓语动词形式。
5、含蓄虚拟语气
虚拟语气中的“含蓄之美”指的是含蓄虚拟语气。因为有时假设的情况并不是以if弓导的条件从句形式出现,而是通过一些短语等形式暗示虚拟语气的存在,常用的词语
有with, without, but for, otherwise, or,even, in case of, what if(如果…将如何)等等,这种句子往往有主句而无从句(考试时多数情况是对过去的假设)。
虚拟语气的各种用法及作用
1、与现在事实相反:若与现在事实相反,条件从句的谓语用过去式(be通常用were),主句谓语用“should (would, could, might)+动词原形”。
2、与过去事实相反:若与过去事实相反,条件从句的谓语用过去完成时(had+过去分词),主句谓语用“should (would, could, might)+have+过去分词”。
3、与将来事实相反:若与将来事实相反,条件从句的谓语用过去式(be通常用were),主句谓语用“should (would, could, might)+动词原形”。
扩展资料:
虚拟语气的应用条件:
在表示假想的虚假的、与事实相反的或难以实现的情况时用虚拟语气,表示主观愿望或某种强烈情感时,也用虚拟语气。即当一个人说话时欲强调其所说的话是基于自己的主观想法,愿望,假想,猜测,怀疑或建议,而不是根据客观实际,就用虚拟语气。主要是英语语法的一种表达。
条件句可分为两类,一类为真实条件句,一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设或实际可能性不大的甚至完全不可能发生的情况,故采用虚拟语气。
百度百科-虚拟语气
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