本文目录
定语从句
定语从句定义：用来修饰某个名词或名词短语。
一、先行词
被定语从句所修饰的对象称为先行词。
二、关系词
作用
1、代词作用： 重复指代先行词 并且在定语从句中 充当一定成分 。
2、连接作用：连接主句和从句
一、关系词在定语从句中做主语
关系词作用：
1、代词 2、连词 3、从句中做句子成分
定语从句可以修饰一个主句当中任何一个名词
定语从句的谓语动词形式是由关系词所指代的先行词决定。
例：anger is a thief who steals away the nice moments. thife为单数 所以谓语+S
二、关系词在定语从句中动词的宾语
he is the best grammar teacher who i have ever seen.
三、关系词作定语从句中的介词的宾语
i hope i never have a boss who i can't talk to about my problems.
i like the people who i work with.
作宾词（介词宾语、动词宾语）的关系词可以省略。
i hope i never have a boss （ ） i can't talk to about my problems.
关系词分两类：关系代词和关系副词
关系代词如下：
一、先行词指人用who或whom
who和whom区别
1、who的前面不能与介词搭配使用
2、whom在定语从句中不能作主语，但可作宾语或表语
总之，who可以作主语，也可以whom作宾语和表语，但不能用在介词后面。whom是宾格形式，所以不能作主语。
二、whose + 名词
表示所有关系，如同物主代词：my,your,her,his,their,our，whose的后面要接名词，whose可指人也可指物，whose+名词在从句中可作主语、动词的宾语或介词的宾语。
i know a friend whose borther is a pop singer whose borther作主语
it was a meeting whose importance i did not realize at the time whose importance作realize的宾语
atlas(in greek mythology)was a kneeling man on whose shoulder the world rested whose shoulder作rested on 的宾语，on被提前
三、which先行词是“物”
which在从句中作主语或宾语
关系词先行词除了用单个名词还可以用短语甚至是从句：
单词：
anger is a wind whick blows out the lamp of the mind
短语：
he likes climbing mountains,which is a good exercise
句子：
tom was late,which surprised me
he tore up my photo,whick upset me
四、that可指人也可指物
1、可指“物”替换which ,指“人”时可以替换who
2、that不用在非限制性定语从句中
3、that不能用于介词的后面（与who一样）
与which和who的用法区别，下面这些情况最好用that：
1、当先行词中同时出现“人”和“物”时，用that
2、先行词为指"物"的all,little,few,much,none和the first时,用that
all that glitters is not gold
this book contains little that is useful
there is not much that can be done
3、先行词是不定代词something,anything,nothing和everything时，一般用that
4、先行词被any,only,all,every,no,some,much,few,little,序数词，形容词的最高级，the only,the one,the very,the right和that last等成分修饰时，用that
tell us all things that you know.
the only thing that we should do is find our way home.
5、that不用在非限制性定语从句中
6、that不能用于介词后面
关系副词如下：
一、when
可以引导限制性和非限制性定语从句，先行词是表示时间的句词：day,year,time等,when在从句中作时间状语
i'll never forget the day when i met you
when必须在定语从句中作时间状语，如果定语从句中有不缺少状语，而是缺少主语或宾语，即使先行词表示时间的名词，也不能用when而要用which或that来引导定语从句。
二、where
先行词一般表示地点的句词，如place,house等
和when一样，定语从句缺少主语或宾语，则要胜which或that引导定语从句
三、why
只引导限制性定语从句，先行词是reason等表示原因的名词
限制性与非限制性定语从句
一、限制性定语从句-----不用逗号隔开
用来对一个名词提供必要的信息，以说明定语从句所修饰的先行词的身份或性质，或用来限制先行词所指的范围。若去掉限制性定语从句，则主句部分的含义不明确，或意义不完整，所以不能用逗号来分隔先行词和定语从句。
二、非限制性定语从句-----用逗号隔开
用来提供附加的而非必要的信息，只是对先行词作进一步解释、补充或说明。若去掉此定语从句，整个主句的意义一样很明确，不会引起误解和歧义。
两种先行词，其后宜用非限制定语从句：
1、专用名词
my mother,who is 50 this year,lives with me now.
my mother who is 50 this year lives with me now. 言外之意为我有好几个母亲
beijing,which is the captial of china,has developed into an internationcal city.
Beijing,Einstein(爱因斯坦),Hawaii（夏威夷）都是专用名词
2、类指名词
普通名词若用来表示类指，即表示一类事物，而非具体的某一个事物。
an elephant,whick is the earth's largest land mammal,has few natural enemies other than human beings.
大象作为陆地上体形最大的哺乳类动物，很少有天敌，除了人类之外
one of the elephants whick we saw at the zoo only one tusk.
我们在动物园看到一头大象只有一颗象牙
非限制性定语从句的翻译
限制性定语从句一般翻译成定语的形式“.......的”
非限制性定语从句往往会译成各种 状语形式（或分句，例如and...）
定语从句有哪几种类型
从题目角度来看，定语从句大致可分为“缺”和“不缺”两种。
1.缺：I will never forget the day_which/that/不填___I spent in the US.
理由：spent及物，后面缺宾语，则补一个宾语（宾语可省引导词所以可以不填）
2.不缺：I will never forget the day__when_____I worked in the US.
理由：worked不及物，其主语是I，其后面不加宾语，不缺，则可以补一个状语（当然，也可以填on which,介词加宾语=副词=状语）
综上，定从（或名从）要把握住动词来判断“缺”“不缺”
那么动词又有哪些？
及物，不及物，系动，其它（助动，情态等）
在定语从句中的动词是用过去式还是用过去分词
定语从句的谓语动词不必和主句的谓语动词在时态上有什么一致的问题，根据每句中发生的动作或存在的状态的时间而定，比如： I visited the house Chairman Mao had lived in. The man I spoke to is my uncle. The boy who is brave passed the examination. I know the the man he was talking to just now. 而宾语从句中的谓语动词要和主句的谓语动词在时态上保持一致. 麻烦给个好评哈，只是举手之劳而已。
定语从句who后面的动词用什么形式
定语从句中的动词的时态要根据具体情况选择，不一定都是-ed形式。
如 I like the girl who walks to school everyday.
I like the girl who danced yesterday.
I like the girl who has finished her college study.
定语从句的用法
定语从句由关系代词who、whom、whose、which、what、as和关系副词where、when、why等引导，但须记住：
1.what不能引导定语从句.
2.关系词的分析须考虑它在定语从句中的成分。
一.指人的关系代词有who、whose、whom、that. 试分析：
The old man who/whom /that we visited yesterday is a famous artist.
Miss Wang is taking care of the child whose parents have gone to Beijing .
The man with whom my father shook hands just now is our headmaster. （=The man who/whom that my father shook hands with just now is our headmaster.）注：
A． 指人时有时只用who不宜用that。
1．先行词为one、ones或anyone
（1）The comrade I want to learn from is the one who studies hard and works hard.
（2）Anyone who breaks the law should be punished.
2．先行词为these时
These who are going to Beijing are the best students of our school.
3．在there be 开头的句子中
There is a student who wants to see you.
4．一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that，另一个宜用who，以免重复。
The student that won the first prize is the monitor who works hards.
5．在非限制性定语从句中
A。I met a friend of mine in the street, who had just come from Japan.
B．主句以who开头的句子中,只用that,不用who。
that和which引导定语从句的区别
that \which在代物时常常可以通用,但有时只宜于用which ,不用that
(1) 关系代词前有介词时.
This
is the hotel in which you will stay.
(2)
如有两个定语从句,其中一句的关系代词是that,另一句宜于用which.
Let me show you the novel that I
borrowed from the liberary which was newly open (新开放) to us.
注意2that
\which在代物时常常可以通用,但有时只宜于用that ,不用which.
(1) 先行词是形容词最高级或者它的前面有形容词最高级时
This is the best that has been used against air pollution(反对空气污染) in
cities.
English is the most difficult subject that you will learn during
these years.
(2) 先行词是序数词,或它的前面有一个序数词时
He is the last person that
I want to see.
(3) 主句中已有疑问词时
Which is the bike that you lost?
(4) 先行词既有人又有物时
The bike and its rider that had run over (撞倒了)an
old man were taken to the police station.
(5)
先行词是all,much,little,something,everything,anything,nothing,none,the one等代词时
You should hand in all that you have.
We haven’t got much that
we can offer you.
I mean the one that you talked about just now.
(6) 先行词前面有only,any,few,little,no,all,one of,the same,the very等词修饰时
The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.
Li Ming
is the only one that got full marks (满分)in our class.
Li Ming is one of
the students that want to be teachers in our class.
(7)
有两个定语从句,其中一个关系代词已用which,另外一个宜用that
Edison built up a factory(办了一个工厂)
which produced things that had never been seen before.
定语从句的关系副词
Where的用法:若先行词指地点且其在定语从句中充当地点状语.
This is the house+I was born in the
house. (=I was born there)
介词短语 副词
=This is the house where I
was born.这就是我在那儿出生的房子.
先行词 关系副词
in which I was born.
介词+关系代词
which I was born in.
关系代词
这里作介宾的which和that可以省略
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