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动词不定式的用法
动词不定式的用法: 动词不定式在语法功能上可作主语、宾语、表语。
1、不定式结构作主语
如果不定式较长,显得头重脚轻,则可由代词让作形式主语(形式主语it不可由that或this等其他代词代替),而将不定式放到后面。
2、不定式作宾语
不定式作宾语有两种:一种是及物动词后直接跟带to的不定式,另一种是“及物动词+疑问词+带to的不定式。
3、不定式做表语
一种情况为主语是不定式(表示条件);表语也是不定式(表示结果),另一种情况为主语是以aim,duty,hope,idea,job,plan,problem,purpose,thing,wish等名词为中心的短语,或以what引导的名词性从句。
动词不定式的定义:
动词不定式是英语中动词的一种非谓语形式,即由小品词+动词原形构成,有两种形式,一种是不带to的不定式,另一种是带to的不定式。
动词不定式的形式是“to+动词原形”,但有时也不带to。其否定是在to前面加上not,及即“not to+动词原形”。动词不定式没有人称和数的变化,在句中不能做谓语。
什么时候用动词不定式
1.动词在句子中做主语时,可用不定式:To study grammar is difficult for me.这里的动词“学语法”做了主语,so用了不定式。2.作宾语也可以。常见的有want to do或者need to do(此时need为实意动词,不是情态动词)等等,与其说是固定搭配,倒不如科学分析,其实就是不定式做了want或need等词的宾语。
动词不定式
动词不定式,为非谓语动词。在英语语法中,动词不定式是指动词中的一种不带词形变化从而不指示人称、数量、时态的一种形式。它之所以被称做不定式,是因为动词不被限定,或者说不被词性变化所局限。不定式属于非谓语动词形式。
然而在一些语言里(例如葡萄牙语),存在受时态、人称和数量影响的不定式形态。亦有些语言完全没有不定式,例如阿拉伯语、保加利亚语和现代希腊语。
在英语学习的课程中,动词不定式的一般现在时被称作“词典用词”,因为它一般被用作词典中该动词的词头。
动词不定式在句中可以作句子除谓语之外的任何句子成分,但它毕竟是动词,所以有动词的属性。
动词不定式及其短语还可以有自己的宾语、状语,虽然动词不定式在语法上没有表面上的直接主语,但它表达的意义是动作,这一动作一定由使动者(动词的使用者)发出。这一使动者(动词的使用者)我们称之为逻辑主语。
在什么情况下用动词不定式呢
在英语中,用到动词不定式的情况有很多:
在语法中,动词不定式是指动词的一种不带词形变化从而不指示人称、数量、时态的形式。它被叫做不定式,是因为动词不被限定,或者说不被词形变化所局限。不定式属于非谓语动词。
如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者,不定式一般要用被动语态形式。如:
It's a great honour to be invited to Mary's birthday party.不定式作主语是被动语态to be invited是被邀请
It was impossible for lost time to be made up.不定式作主语
I wish to be sent to work in the country.不定式作宾语
Can you tell me which is the car to be repaired?不定式作定语
He went to the hospital to be examined.不定式作状语
在There be结构中,修饰主语的不定式可用被动,也可用主动如:There are still many things to take care of (to be taken care of).但有时两种形式表达的意思不同,如:There is nothing to do now.( We have nothing to do now.) There is nothing to be done now.(We can do nothing now.)
形式
1) 现在式:一般现在时表示的动词,有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。
He seems to know this.
I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again. 我希望再见到你。
完成式:表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.
He seems to have caught a cold.
进行式:表示动作正在进行,与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。
He seems to be eating something.
完成进行式:
She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.
一般在表示情绪的动词后加to do也表将来
疑问词
疑问词who,what,which,when,where,whether,how后可接不定式构成不定式短语,在句中作主语、宾语、表 语等。如:
When to leave for London has not been decided yet. 不定式在句子中做主语Mr. Smith didn't know whether to leave or stay there. 不定式在句子中做宾语
I asked Professor Xu how to learn English well. 不定式在句子中做直接宾语
The question was where to get the medicine needed. 不定式在句子中表语)
以上例句中疑问词+不定式部分,均可转换为相应的从句形式。如:When we shall leave…③…how I could learn……
经常在这种结构中使用的动词有:consider,decide,discover,explain,find out,forget,hear,know,learn,observe,understand,wonder等。
作主语
动词不定式作主语时,句子的谓语动词常用单数,其位置有以下两种:
把不定式置于句首。如:
To get there by bike will take us half an hour.
骑自行车到那儿将花费我们半个小时。
To make up for lost time is not possible.
要弥补失去的时光是不可能的。
To lean out of the window is dangerous.
身子探出窗外很危险。
To save money now seems impossible.
现在好像不可能存钱。
用it作形式主语,把真正的主语不定式置于句后,常用于下列句式中。如:
It+be+名词+to do
It's our duty to take good care of the old.
照顾老人是我们的责任。
It takes sb+some time+to do
How long did it take you to finish the work?
你花了多少时间来完成这项工作?
It+be+形容词+for sb+to do
It is difficult for us to finish writing the composition in a quarter of an hour.
我们难以在四分之一小时内完成这篇作文。
It is stupid of you to write down everything (that) the teacher says.
你把老师说的所有东西都记下来的行为是很愚蠢的。
It is an offence to drop litter in the street.在
马路上乱丢废物是违章的。
It seems(appears)+形容词+to do
It seemed impossible to save money.
在句型③中,常用表示客观情况的形容词,如:difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary 等;
在句型④中,常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等 表示赞扬或批评的词。
在不定式前的sb,可看作其逻辑主语。这一句式有时相当于Sb is+形容词+to do句式 ,如:It's kind of you to help me with my English.=You are kind to help me with my English.
It + 不定式结构可位于believe/consider/discover/expect/find/think和wonder之后
He thought it would be safer to go by train.
他认为乘火车比较安全。
He will find it is hard to make friends.
他会感觉到交朋友困难。
不定式的完成式也可作句子的主语
eg:
To have made the same mistake twice was unforgivable.
两次犯同样的错误是不可原谅的。
It is better to have loved and lost than never to have loved at all.
爱过而后失去了爱,比从未爱过要好。
不定式作为句子成分时,动词用单数形式。
当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时,不能用It is… to…的句型(对)To see is to believe. 眼见为实 < 正确 >
It is to believe to see. < 错误 >
作宾语
以下动词后,只能跟不定式作宾语
afford (付得起),agree(同意),aim(力求做到),appear(显得),arrange(安排),ask(要求),attempt (试图),care(想要),choose(决定),claim(声称),condescend(屈尊),consent(准许),decide(决定),demand(要求),determine(决心),endeavor(竭力),expect(期待),fail(未履行),help(帮助),hesitate(犹豫),hope(希望),learn(学会),manage(设法),neglect(疏忽),offer(主动提出),plan(计划),prepare(准备),pretend(假装),proceed(接着做),promise(答应),prove(证明),refuse(拒绝),resolve(解决),seem(觉得好像),swear(发誓),tend(往往会),threaten(预示),undertake(承诺),volunteer(自愿做),vow(发誓),want(想要),wish(希望)
eg:
The driver failed to see the other car in time.
司机没能及时看见另一辆车。
I happen to know the answer to your question.
我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。
动词+疑问词+ 不定式
decide,know,consider forget,learn,remember,show,understand,see,wonder,hear,find out,explain,tell
eg:
Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。
There are so many kinds of tape recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to bu.有这么多的录音机,我都拿不定主意买哪一种。
注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时,谓语动词用单数。
The question is how to put it into practice.
问题是怎样把它付诸实施。
3)当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时,先用形式宾语it代替不定式,把不定式置于补语之后,即:主语+动词+it+补语+to do句式。如:
We think it quite important for us to learn a foreign language well.
He feels it his duty to help the poor.
I find it difficult to learn English well.
作补语
动词+宾语+不定式(to do)
advise allow believe cause challenge compel declare encourage forbid force find hire induce instruct invite like order permit persuade remind request require select send suppose tell train urge
eg:
Father will not allow us to play on the street.
父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。
We believe him to be guilty.
我们相信他是有罪的。
to + be 的不定式结构,作补语的动词。
Acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(声称), discover, fancy(设想), feel, find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以为), understand
eg:
We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.
我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。
to be +形容词
Seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean…
eg:
The book is believed to be uninteresting.
人们认为这本书没什么意思。
there be+不定式
believe,expect,intend,like,love,mean,prefer,want,wish,undrstand
eg:
We didn't expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。
有些动词需用as 短语做补语,如regard,think believe,take,consider.
eg:
We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。
Mary took him as her father . 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。
秃头不定式作补语
秃头不定式, 即不带“to”的不定式,其语法功能一般在句子中作宾语的补语(宾语补足语)。用秃头不定式作宾语补足语的常用动词如下:
口诀:“五看、三使役“,“两听、一感”要记住,若是“宾补”变“主补”,主补“to”字不能无。动词let属例外,其宾补/主补“to”均无。说明:
五看-----see/watch/notice/observe/look at;三使役-----have/make/let;两听-----hear/listen to;一感-----feel。
eg:
I often see him go to school on foot.(秃头不定式作宾语补足语) He is often seen to go to school on foot.(不定式作主语补足语,要带“to”) Let him try again.---- He is let try again.(let的主补与宾补均用秃头不定式)
Find 特殊用法
Find 后可用分词做宾补,或先加形式宾语,再加形容词,最后加带to 的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get,have。
eg:
I found him lying on the ground.
I found it important to learn.
I found that to learn English is important.
在英语中什么情况下用不定式表示
不定式是动词的一种变化形式.
动词在句子中是做谓语的.但是,当动词做了其他的成分时,就要用到动词的变化形式,即:非谓语动词.
非谓语动词分为三类:doing ,done ,to do
这第三种,就是你所问的不定式.
1 动词在句子中做主语时,可用不定式: To study grammar is difficult for me.这里的动词“学语法”做了主语,so 用了不定式.
2 同理,作宾语也可以. 常见的有want to do 或者need to do(此时need为实意动词,不是情态动词) 等等,与其说是固定搭配.倒不如科学分析,其实就是不定式做了want 或need 等词的宾语!
3 定语啊有木有?to do 做定语的时候,都是后置的,也就是放在所修饰词的后面.).She has nothing to worry about. I've got something to eat..
4 状语啊,目的状语很常见的有没有.go there to do***是典型的目的状语有没有.
5 表语啊,等等啊.就不赘述拉.
看出来没有?不要拘泥于什么固定用法,也不要管什么单词特殊与否,句子成分分析明白了,什么问题都迎刃而解.
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