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英语中的名词性从句引导词的选择
引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:
连接词:that,whether,if (不充当从句的任何成分)
连接代词:what,whatever,who,whoever,whom,whose,which.
连接副词:when,where,how,why
不可省略的连词:
1.介词后的连词
2.引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略.
That she was chosen made us very happy.
We heard the news that our team had won.
whether 与 if 均为 “是否” 的意思.但在下列情况下,whether 不能被 if 所取代:
1.whether 引导主语从句(包括从句在句首的位置)应当用whether,不用if,如:
Whether it is true remains a problem.
Whether he will come,I am not sure.
2.引导表语从句用whether,不用if,如:
The question is whether you should accept it.
3.whether可以引导从句作介词的宾语,而if 则不能,如:
I’m not interested in whether they’ll go or not.
It depends on whether we have got enough money.
4.whether可以直接跟动词不定式连用,而if 则不能,如:
I didn’t know whether to laugh or to cry.
She hasn’t decided whether to go or not.
5.引导同位语从句用whether,不用if,如:
The question whe大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可置于句末,用it充当形式主语.
It is not important who will go.
ther he’ll attend the meeting is essential.
1)由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句.that只起连接主句和从句的作用,在从句中不担任任何成分,本身也没有词义.
名词性that-从句在句中能充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语,例如:
用 it 作形式主语的that- 从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系:
a.It + be +形容词+ that-从句
It is necessary that… \x09\x09有必要……
It is important that… \x09\x09重要的是……
It is obvious that… \x09\x09很明显……
b.It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句
It is believed that… \x09\x09人们相信……
It is known to all that… \x09\x09从所周知……
It has been decided that… \x09\x09已决定……
c.It + be +名词+ that-从句
It is common knowledge that… \x09……是常识
It is a surprise that… \x09\x09令人惊奇的是……
It is a fact that… \x09\x09事实是……
d.It +不及物动词+ that-分句
It appears that… \x09\x09似乎……
It happens that… \x09\x09碰巧……
It occurred to me that… \x09\x09我突然想起
1)由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句.wh-词包括who,whom,whose,whoever,what,whatever,which,whichever等连接代词和where,when,how,why等连接副词.wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外,还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等,例如:
主语:How the book will sell depends on its author.
直接宾语:In one's own home one can do what one likes.
间接宾语:The club will give whoever wins a prize.
表语:My question is who will take over the president.
宾语补足语:She will name him whatever she wants to.
同位语:I have no idea when he will return.
形容词宾语:I'm not sure why she refused their invitation.
介词宾语:That depends on where we shall go.
2)wh-从句作主语也常用先行词it做形式主语,而将wh-从句置于句末,例如:
It is not yet decided who will do that job.
1)yes-no型疑问从句
从属连词if,whether引导的名词从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问转化而来的,因此也分别被称为yes-no型疑问句从句和选择型疑问从句,其功能和wh-从句的功能相同,例如:
主语:Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved.
宾语:Let us know whether/if you can finish the article before Friday.
表语:The point is whether we should lend him the money.
同位语:They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy.
形容词宾语:She's doubtful whether we shall be able to come.
介词宾语:I worry about whether he can pass the exams.
2)选择性疑问从句
选择性疑问从句由关联词if/whether…or或whethe…or not构成,如:
Please tell me whether / if they are Swedish or Danish.
I don't care whether you like the plan or not.
名词性从句的用法归纳总结
名词性从句的连接词:that;whether,if(是否);a sthough,asif(好像,似乎)。
名词性从句的连接词
(1)以that来引导从句
(2)以whether/if引导从句;
(3)以特殊疑问词引导从句;
(4)以关系代词/副词引导从句。
1.连接词that只起连接作用,没有任何意思,也不充当句子成分
2.连接词whether/if也不充当句子成分,但有自己的意思,表示“是否”;
3.英语中所有用来构成特殊疑问句的特殊疑问词均可以用来引导名词性从句,意思也和特殊疑问词中的疑问词意思相同,其中包括关系副词和关系代词。
4.、以关系词引导从句用关系词引导的名词性从句又可称作名词性关系从句,因为它实际上是先行词与在其后的定语从句的结合。引导这种名词性从句的关系词有:what"……的东西、"when"...的时候"where"...的地方"。
名词性从句的引导词
主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句
引导名词性从句的关联词有三种:
1、that
whether
if
其中,后两个多用于宾语从句、主语从句、同位语从句
2、关系代词
who
whom
whose
what
which
whatever
whichever
whoever
3、关系副词
when
where
why
how
另:
简单的说
定于从句不用
how
what
其他的基本上都可以用
名词性从句的引导词
名词性从句引导词的基本用法
下表对高考中常见的名词性从句的引导词进行了总结:
名词性从句的引导词引导词是否在名词性从句中充当成分的情况
连接代词: what, which, who, whom, whose
连接副词: when, where, why, how
what, which在从句中作主语、 宾语、 表语或定语; who在从句中作主语、 表语; whom在从句中作宾语; whose在从句中作定语; when, where, why, how在从句中分别作时间状语、 地点状语、 原因状语、 方式状语
连词that否
连词whether, if否
名词性从句的引导词在高考中的基本用法详见下面的总结:
1. 引导特殊疑问句的疑问词在转为引导名词性从句时, 即成为连接代词(主要包括what, which, who, whom, whose)或者连接副词(主要包括when, where, why, how).注意体会如下例句: Choose which you like best. 选你最喜欢的.// Who has taken away my bag is unknown. 谁拿走了我的包还不知道.// Have you decided whom you are to nominate as your candidate? 你们是否已经决定提名谁做候选人了?// He asked when Mr. Gilbert would be allowed to go home. 他问什么时候可以允许吉尔伯特先生回家.// Where we can look up his address is still a problem. 我们在哪儿可以查到他的地址还是个难题.// Why he did that wasn’t quite clear. 他为什么做那件事还不十分清楚.// How they will solve the serious problem has not been decided. 他们将怎样解决这个严重问题还没有决定.
以下两种特殊情况要给予特别关注:
(1) what作连接代词引导的名词性从句既可以表示一个问“什么……?”的问题, 也可以表示相当于“名词/代词+关系代词引导的定语从句”结构的意思, 这种特殊用法在语法上被称作“关系代词型的what”, 注意体会如下例句:He is not what (=the person that) he was a few years ago. 他不是几年前的他了.// This is what (=the place that) they call Salt Lake City. 这就是他们称作盐湖城的地方.// What (=the place that) is now the North Sahara Desert was once a civilized world. 现在的北部撒哈拉沙漠曾是一个文明世界.// Our income is now double what (=the income that) it was ten years ago. 我们现在的收入是十年前的两倍.// The color of the flower is different from what (=the color that) it was in the morning. 花朵(现在的)颜色与它早上的颜色不同.
(2) 带’ever后缀的疑问词除引导让步状语从句之外, 还可以引导名词性从句(“no matter+疑问词”的结构只能引导让步状语从句, 不可以引导名词性从句), 注意体会以下例句: Whoever wants to see this film can go with us tonight.无论谁想看这部电影, 今晚都可以和我们一起去.// You can give the ticket to whomever you like. 你可以把票给任何你想给的人.// All the books are here. You may borrow whichever (book) you like. 所有的书都在这儿, 你愿借哪本就借哪本.// I’ll do whatever you ask me to do. 你叫我做什么, 我就做什么.
2. that引导名词性从句时后面接完整的陈述句, that只起引导名词性从句的作用而不充当该名词性从句中的具体成分; 引导宾语从句时that常可省略, 但引导主语从句、 表语从句、 同位语从句时that通常不被省略.例如:
She hoped (that) he would arrive on time. 她希望他按时到达.(宾语从句)
That she was chosen made us very happy. 她被选中了让我们很开心.(主语从句)
I have the belief that I will succeed. 我怀有必胜的信念.(同位语从句)
that, what引导名词性从句的区别在于: that在其引导的名词性从句中不充当任何成分, 在有的情况下可以省略; what需要在其引导的名词性从句中充当主语、 宾语、 表语或者定语, 而且引导名词性从句的what在任何情况下都不能省略.例如:
That he will succeed is obvious. 显然, 他会成功.(引导主语从句的that不在其中充当具体的句子成分)
What she told me is not true. 她所告诉我的都不是真的.(what在其引导的主语从句中作宾语)
3. whether与if均可以引导表示“是否”之意的名词性从句, 且whether与if均不在这种名词性从句中充当具体的句子成分.在引导宾语从句时whether与if一般可以互换, 但在引导主语从句、 表语从句、 同位语从句、 介词后的宾语从句、 放于句首的宾语从句或者名词性从句中包含or (not) 时通常只能用whether作引导词.注意体会下列例句: I don’t know if/whether I can help you. 我不知道我能否帮助你.(宾语从句)// Whether we can really help you, I don’t know yet. 我们是否真的能帮助你, 我还不知道.(位于句首的宾语从句)// The teacher worried about whether he had hurt the girl’s feelings. 老师为是否伤害了那女孩的感情而担心.(介词后的宾语从句)// The question is whether they can cooperate with us. 问题是他们能否与我们合作.(表语从句)// The question whether he should come himself or send a substitute must be decided upon. 他该亲自来还是派人替他来, 这个问题必须定下来.(同位语从句)// The little girl asked her father whether she should go to the party or not. 那女孩问她的父亲她应不应该参加这个晚会.(包含or not的宾语从句)
注意: 肯定形式的doubt后面通常接whether/if引导的宾语从句, 否定形式的doubt后面通常接that引导的宾语从句, 例如: I doubt whether it’s true. 我怀疑它是否是真实的.// I doubt if that was what he wanted. 我怀疑那是否是他所想要的.// I don’t doubt that you are honest. 我不怀疑你的诚实.// She never doubted for a moment that she was right. 她对自己是正确的这一点从不怀疑.
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