本文目录
英语定语从句先行词有哪些
英语中定语从句有哪些
一. 定语从句的概念
在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。
二. 引导定语从句的关系词
引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词，常见的关系代词包括that， which， who（宾格whom，所有格whose）等，关系副词包括where， when， why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作定语从句的重要成分。
三. 定语从句的分类
根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去。非限制性定语从句与主句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。
四. 关系代词的用法
1. that 既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。作主语时不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如：
Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.
玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。（that作主语）
The coat （that） I put on the desk is blue.
我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。（that作宾语）
2.which用于指物，在句中作主语、宾语或表语。作主语不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如：
The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.
位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。（作主语）
The film （which） we saw last night was wonderful.
我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。（作宾语）
3.who， whom用于指人，who 用作主语，whom用作宾语。在口语中，有时可用who代替whom。who和whom作宾语时也可省略。例如：
The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.
经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。（作主语）
Who is the teacher （whom） Li Ming is talking to？
正在与李明谈话的'老师是谁？（作宾语）
注意：
（1）当定语从句中含有介词，介词放在句末时，who，whom，that， which可省略，但介词在关系代词前时，只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。例如：
This is the house in which we lived last year.
这是我们去年居住的房子。
Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。
（2）含有介词的固定动词词组中，介词不可前置，只能放在原来的位置上。例如：
This is the person whom you are looking for.
这就是你要找的那个人。
（3）that 作介词的宾语时，介词不能放它的前面，只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如：
The city that she lives in is very far away.
她居住的城市非常远。
（4）关系词只能用that的情况：
a. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：
He was the first person that passed the exam.
他是第一个通过考试的人。
b. 被修饰的先行词为all， any， much， many， everything， anything， none， the one等不定代词指物时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：
Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop？
你在商店里有什么东西要买吗？
c. 先行词被the only， the very， the same， the last， little， few 等词修饰时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：
This is the same bike that I lost.
这就是我丢的那辆自行车。
d. 先行词里同时含有人或物时，只能用that， 而不用which.例如：
I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.
我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。
e. 以who或which引导的特殊疑问句，为避免重复，只能用that.例如：
Who is the girl that is crying？
正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁？
f. 主句是there be 结构，修饰主语的定语从句用that，而不用which，例如：
There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom.
桌子上那本书是汤姆的。
（5）关系词只能用which，而不用that 的情况：
a.先行词为that， those时，用which， 而不用that.例如：
What’s that which is under the desk？
在桌子底下的那些东西是什么？
b. 关系代词前有介词时，which，而不用that.例如：
This is the room in which he lives.
这是他居住的房间。
c. 引导非限制性定语从句，先行词指事物时，用which， 而不用that，例如：
Tom came back， which made us happy.
汤姆回来了，这使我们很高兴。
五. 关系副词的用法
1. when指时间，其先行词表示时间，when在定语从句中作时间状语。例如：
This was the time when he arrived.
这是他到达的时间。
2. where指地点，其先行词表示地点，where在定语从句中作地点状语。例如：
This is place where he works.
这是他工作的地点。
3. why 指原因，其先行词是原因，why在定语从句中做原因状语。例如：
Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school.
没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。
定语从句和主语从句
1、关系代词引导的定语从句①who, whom, that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：Is he the man who/that wants to see you?他就是想见你的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）②Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）, 例如：They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。③which, that它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.农村出现了前所未 有的繁荣。（which / that在从句中作主语）The package which / that you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.你拿的包快散了。(which / that 在从句中作宾语）
2、关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。①when, where,why关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用.There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.北京是我的出生地。Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？②that代替关系副词that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从 句，在非正式文体中that常被省略（正式文体中不可省略），例如：His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
定语从句的分类及例句
2种.限制性和非限制性定语从句
1、 定语从句在句中修饰某个名词或代词,被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词.定语从句需用下列关联词：
关系代词 关系副词
起连词作用,本身做从句的主语、宾语、表语或定语 起连词作用,本身在从句中作时间、地点或原因状语
who,whom,that,whose,which,as when,where,why
2、 掌握以上关系代词、关系副词的含义及使用时,要特别注意以下几点：
1） 指人时宜用who 的情况：
a.当先行词是 one,ones,anyone 或 those 时,关系代词用 who.
Anyone who goes there will be punished.
b.在there be 开头的句子中.
There’s a beautiful girl who came to see you this morning.
c.先行词后有一个较长的定语.
I met a foreigner in the city last week who could speak Chinese well.
d.在非限定性定语从句中.
She has a brother,who worked at that factory ten years ago.
2) 指物时宜用 that 的情况：
a.当先行词为 all,much,little,few,none,something,anything,everything,nothing 等不定代词时.All that can be done has been done.
b.当先行词既指人又指物时.
He spoke of the men and the thing (that) he had seen abroad.
c.当先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰时.
This is one of the best films that I have ever seen.
d.当先行词被 the very,the only,the last,any,every 等修饰时.
This is one of the very book that I am looking for.
e.当先行词是疑问词 who,what,which 时.
Who that has such a home doesn’t love it?
f.关系代词在从句中作表语.
Mary is no longer the girl that she used to be.
3) 只能用 which 不能用 that 的情况.
a.引导非限定性定语从句修饰某物或整个句子.
Bruce went towards the fire,which was still smoking.
Tom came back late,which made his parents very angry.
b.关系代词作介词的宾语.This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived.
4) 关系代词 as 和which都能引导非限定性定语从句代表整个句子的内容,as
引导的从句可位于句首或句末,which引导的定语从句则不能位于句首.
Which you know,he is a good man.(×)
As you know,he is a good man.(√)
6)关系副词when,where,why其含义相当于on which,in which for which等,可以互换：
The day when /on which I met him first was May 1st.
I don’t know the reason why /for which he didn’t come.
7)whose指物时,可以与of which等结构互换,但应注意与冠词的位置关系：
This is the book the cover of which / of which the cover / whose cover is blue.
8)有时可用代替关系副词.在口语中常省略.
This is the reason (why / for which / that) he came late.
9)先行词是专有名词、整个句子或世界上独一无二的物质名词时,一般用非限定性定语从句修饰.The sun,which gives us light and heat,is very big.
10)在先行词和定语从句之间有无逗号有时会引起名义的变化：
He said nothing that made her angry.他没说使她生气的话.
He said nothing,which made her angry.他一言不发,这使她很生气.
3、 定语从句与强调结构
It is the place where they lived before.
It is in the place that they lived before.
第一个句子为定语从句,where指代the place,在定语从句中作状语,第二个句子为强调结构,强调in the place,that没有意义,把放回后面句子,句子意思完整.
Where is it that he found the lost watch?(强调句型,强调疑问副词where.)
Where is the watch he found yesterday?(定语从句,that指代the watch.)
4、 定语从句中的先行词
Is this book the one that you bought yesterday?
Is this the book that you bought yesterday?
第一个句子中,this book是主句的主语,the one是先行词.在第二个句子中this是主句的主语,the book是先行词.一定要避免出现：Is this book that you bought yesterday?
5、 定语从句与同位语从句
定语从句相当于形容词,它对先行词起修饰、描述或限制作用,而同位语从句则相当于名词,对其前面的词给予说明或作进一步解释,即说明该词所表示的具体内容.例如：
The news that we heard is not true.(定语从句)
The news that he won the prize is not true.（同位语从句）
另:在“have no idea ＋从句”结构中,其从句都作idea的同位语.例如：
I have no idea when she will be back.
定语从句关系词的分类
定语从句的分类：
限制性定语从句和非限制性的定语从句
限制性定语从句不用逗号与主句分开，对所修饰的词起特指或限定的作用，去掉后意思不完整或不太清楚。翻译成中文时，一般把定语从句翻译在先行词之前。
引导限制性定语从句的关系代词有who,
whom,
whose,
that,
which,
of
which和关系副词when,
where,
why等。
eg.
This
is
the
man
who
helped
me.
I
was
the
only
person
in
our
office
that
was
invite
to
the
palace
ball.
非限制性的定语从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开，只对被修饰的词语或主句起补充说明的作用，去掉后对句意影响不大。翻译时通常把定语从句翻译在先行词后边，作为附加说明。
引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词有who,whom,
whose,
which,
as和关系副词when,
where，一般不用that
引导。
eg.
I
have
two
sisters,
who
are
both
doctors.
Last
Sunday
they
reached
Shanghai,
where
a
meeting
was
holding.
定语从句的考查热点
1.间隔式定语从句
定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后，但定语从句先
行词之间有时会插入别的成分，构成先行词与定
语从句的隔离。
eg.
This
is
the
article
written
by
him
that
I
spoke
to
you
about.
He
was
the
only
person
in
this
country
that
was
invited.
(1).
因定语从句过长，为使句子保持平衡，通常定语从句和其所修饰的名词或代词分开。
eg.
The
film
brought
the
hours
back
to
me
when
I
was
taken
good
care
of
in
that
faraway
villiage.
(2).
在定语从句中使用“插入语”以增加句子的灵活性。
eg.
Kate
was
always
speaking
highly
of
her
role
in
the
play,
which,
of
course,
made
the
others
unhappy.
The
pen
I
thought
I
had
lost
is
on
my
desk,
right
under
my
nose.
2.定语从句中的谓语动词与先行词保持一致。
当引导定语从句的关系代词在从句中做主语时，定
语从句的谓语动词的数的形式应与先行词保持一致。
eg.
I,
who
am
your
classmate,
will
try
my
best
to
help
you.
He,
who
is
your
classmate,
will
try
his
best
to
help
you.
注意句式：
one
of
+
复数名词+关系代词+复数动词
the
(only/very)
one
of
+复数名词+关系代词+单数动词
He
is
one
of
the
students
who
have
made
great
progress.
Tom
is
the
only
one
of
my
friends
who
has
been
abroad.
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