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为什么有的句子没有主语
独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。例如：
表示时间
The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后我们都回家了。
Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。
表示条件
The condition being favourable, he may succeed. 如果条件有利，他或许能成功。
表示原因
There being no taxis, we had to walk. 没有出租车，我们只好步行。
He wrapped her up with great care,the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得严严实实的。
In the middle of February,the weather being favorable for work,the workers began to repair and secure the dam of the river.二月中旬，天气有利于工作，工人们开始修缮河坝。
表示伴随情况
Almost all metals are good conductors,silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。(=Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.)
having been done作状语从句
Lying on the grass, she looked up at the sky. 躺在草地上,她仰望天空.
Holding some books in his hand , the teacher came into the classroom .
老师手中拿着几本书走进了教室.
Walking in the street, he came across an old friend .他在街上走时遇到了一位老朋友.
Watching a wonderful film , I felt very enjoyable .观看精彩的电影,我觉得很愉快.
Given more time , we can finish the work on time . 给我们更多的时间,我们能按时完成工作.
Seen from the space, the Great Wall looks like a dragon .从太空上看,长城看起来像一条龙.
Heated , water will become vapour . 水加热就会变成蒸汽.
Having finished homework, Li Ping went to play football with his friends.
完成作业后,李平去同朋友踢球.
Having cleaned the classroom , we went home .打扫完教室后,我们回家了.
Having worked for years, she made a lot of money.工作多年后,她挣了很多钱.
be doing在句中作什么成分
1.作谓语动词的成分，进行时，结构were/was/be+doing，例句：I am reading.She was running.
2.做非谓语，一般与主语构成主动关系，例句：There is a boy standing by the door.
3.引导结果状语从句，一般为顺其自然的结果，例句：The strong flood struck the small town,causing a huge damege.
4.作动名词充当主语或宾语，例句:Having fresh fruits and vagetables is of great importance for us to our healthy.
5.作形容词，通常意为"感到.......的“，例句：I think this book is very interesting to read.
to do 和doing作状语的区别
to do一般是做目的或还未发生的
doing一般用来指做过的,已经发生的动作 或者同时伴随的动作
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