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英语语法极速通关8|虚拟语气构造“公式”
英语中句子的语气通常有陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气三种。
前面两种比较简单,陈述句用来叙述事实,祈使句通常会省略主语以突出动作。比较难以掌握的是虚拟语气,因为它有好几种变化。
实际上,虚拟语气的规律性是很强的,我们只要能够记住它的构造方式,这个难点就不攻自破了。
虚拟语气通常由主句和 if 引导的从句构成,可以分为纯条件的虚拟语气、与现在事实相反的虚拟语气、与过去事实相反的虚拟语气和猜测将来状况的虚拟语气四种。
下面,我们分别来看这四种虚拟语气的构造“公式”。
纯条件的虚拟语气表达的是一种带有“条件”的假设, if 引导的从句说明条件,主句则说明条件具备的话会产生的结果。其构造“公式”是:
上式中,前半句是条件从句,后半句是主句。也即是说, 纯条件的虚拟语气中,条件从句用一般现在时,主句用一般现在时助动词和原形动词。
例如:
If he is here,I will beat him.
If he comes,you should tell him the truth.
这种虚拟语气用来表示“现在的事实并非如此”,它的构造“公式”是:
条件句要用一般过去时,相应地,主句用一边过去时助动词和原形动词。
例如:
If I were rich,I would help you.
这句话的意思是:“如果我有钱,我会帮助你,但很遗憾我没有钱,所以我帮不了你。”那么它和纯条件的虚拟语气有什么区别呢?
If I am rich,I will help you.
如果改成纯条件的虚拟语气,句子的意思就是:“如果我有钱,我会帮助你。”
看到它们之间的区别了吗?
前者的重点在于“我帮不了你”,而后者重点在于“我会帮助你”。
也可以这么理解:前者是在说“我帮不了你”的 原因 ,而后者是在说“我会帮助你”的 条件 。
再如:
If you lived here,I could see you everyday.
这句话的意思是说:“如果你住在这儿,我就能天天见到你了。”但因为它用的是与现在事实相反的虚拟语气,所以实际上它的意思是:“我没法天天见到你,因为你不住在这儿。”
另外还有一点要注意的是,与现在事实相反的虚拟语气中, if 从句如果有 be 动词,一定要用 were ,不论是第几人称。
例如:
If he were here,he should close the door.
If I were you,I would accept the offer.
这种虚拟语气表达的是“过去的事实并非如此”,它的构造“公式”是:
条件句用过去完成时,主句用一般过去时助动词和现在完成时动词。
例如:
If I had arrived earlier,I would have met her.
这句话是说,“当时我要是到的早一点,我就可以见到她了。”言外之意就是“当时我没有见到她”,因为“我没有到得早一点”。
从这里就能看出来,这种虚拟语气表达的重点也是“与事实相反”的 原因 ,只不过这个“事实”发生在过去。
将来的事情还没有发生,所以在叙述的时候要用到猜测的口吻。我们知道在一般将来时和将来完成时当中要用到 will 或 would 来表猜测,那么如果用虚拟语气表猜测该怎么使用呢?
猜测将来状况的虚拟语气,也可用 if 引导的从句和主句配合来实现,不过它的构造“公式”有三个,分别表示不同程度的猜测:
之前说过现在进行时可以表将来,最典型的就是 be going to+V 这种句型,变化之后就成为 be to+V 的形式,例如:
He is to leave tomorrow.
这种将来时的用法通常是表示将来的事情极有可能发生,语气要比 will 强很多。
但是反过来,如果想表达一种极不可能发生的事情,那么就可以将 be to+V 变成虚拟语气的形式: were to+V 。
例如:
If the cat were to smile, I would pass out.
正常情况下,猫是不会笑的,所以这里用 were to+V 来表示“绝不可能”。
如果将来的事情并不是绝对不会发生,而是有一点点可能会发生,那么就不能再用语气很强的were to+V,而要用语气相对弱一点的should+V。
例如:
If it should rain,I would stay here.
这句话的意思是:“如果下雨了,我就待在这儿,但下雨的可能性很小。”这有一种“万一”的意味在里面。
而如果将来的事情发生的可能性比较大,那么主句的助动词就可以用一般现在时,表达一种很有把握的猜测。
例如:
If it should rain,I will stay here.
此句的意思是:“如果下雨了,我就待在这儿,目前看来下雨的可能性很大。”
所以对于将来状况进行猜测的虚拟语气,关键在于确定语气的强弱程度,然后才能选择合适的“公式”来套用。
需要特别注意的是,上述的几种虚拟语气的构造“公式”是一种“完全式”,也就是说是虚拟语气句子完整的形式。
但在实际应用当中,为了避免句子显得冗余,通常会省掉条件句,或者用其他的连接词来表示虚拟条件,有时候从句和主句的假设还会混合使用。
这些都是造成虚拟语气难以掌握的根源所在。
但要记住:万变不离其宗。不论虚拟语气句子如何变化,其核心依然逃不出上述几个“公式”,我们只需对照公式,仔细分析句子结构就能确定是何种虚拟语气,对句子的理解也就能更加准确。
例如:
If I had married much younger, I might have my own grandchildren now.
这个句子表面来看,好像套不上公式,因为从句和主句使用的时态都不一致:从句用的是过去完成时,而主句却用的是一般过去时。
不过没关系,既然不一致那就干脆分开来看。
从句用的是过去完成时,符合与过去事实相反虚拟语气的公式,所以它表达的是与过去事实相反,意思是:“假如我当初年轻一点结婚”。
主句用的是一般过去时,符合与现在事实相反虚拟语气的公式,所以它表达的是与现在事实相反,意思是:“我现在可能有自己的孙子了”。
两句结合在一起,意思就是:“假如我当初年轻一点结婚,我现在都有自己的孙子了。”
再如:
It’s time you started living on your own.
这个句子套公式就更套不上了,怎么去看它是不是虚拟语气呢?
仔细分析一下不难发现,这个句子的主语是省略了 that 的名词性从 句that you started living on your own , it 是形式主语,主句的动词是 is ,是个一般现在时,用来叙述事实。
而从句中的动词是 started ,是一个一般过去时。从时态上看不出这里要用一般过去时,而对照几个虚拟语气公式,不难发现它符合与现在事实相反的虚拟语气公式,所以从句表达的是一种与现在事实相反的虚拟语气。
如此一来,我们就知道句子的意思是:“是时候让你开始独立生活了。”言外之意是:“你现在还没有开始独立生活”,这是一个典型的与现在事实相反的虚拟语气。
所以,以后碰到用时态解释不通的地方,别忘了换个角度,用虚拟语气公式对照一下,说不定问题就解决了哦。
虚拟语气三大公式表格
(1)对过去,从句:haddone,主句:would/could/might/havedone.(2)对现在,从句:did/were,主句:would/could/mightdo.(3)对将来,shoulddo/weretodo/did.从句,更上一个一样。注意,“主将从现”原则。
虚拟语气
虚拟语气表示说话人的主观愿望、猜疑、建议或与事实不符的假设等,而不表示客观存在的事实。虚拟语气是由句中的谓语动词的特殊形式表示出来的。如:
If I were a bird,I would be able to fly in the air.
如果我是一只小鸟,我就能在空中飞行。
I wish I could pass the examination.
我希望我能通过考试。
Hope you succeed!
祝你成功!
If only we had been college students last year!
上一年我们要是大学生该多好!
教师资格证
一、虚拟语气表示一种不能实现的假设。该语法主要用于if条件状语从句。也可用于主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句等。
二、if条件状语从句中虚拟语气的判断
判断是真实条件句还是非真实条件句。只有在非真实条件句中才使用虚拟语气。通过句子意思,看假设的条件是否能够实现,能够实现是真实条件句,不能使用虚拟语气;假设的条件不能实现则是非真实条件句,要用虚拟语气。
判断这个假设是与哪个事实相反。通常有三种情况:①与过去事实相反。②与现在事实相反。③与将来事实可能相反。
三、“后退一步法”
后退一步法是指在准确地判断了该句与哪一事实相反后,按虚拟语气的后退一步法处理从句谓语动词的时态。即:在非真实条件状语从句中,谓语动词按正常情况“后退一步”。也就是:
①与过去事实相反,在从句中用过去完成时形式表示。
②与现在事实相反,在从句中用过去一般时形式表示。
③与将来事实可能相反,在从句中用过去将来时形式表示。
主句中则用情态动词would,
should,
could
等加一个与从句一致的动词形式。
例:if
i
had
come
her
yesterday,
i
would
have
seen
him.
if
i
were
a
teacher,
i
would
be
strict
with
my
students.
if
it
should
snow
tomorrow,
they
couldn’t
go
out.
四、注意事项
①if条件句中如有were,
should,
had,可以省去if,并使用倒装语序。
②在现代英语中if条件状与从句中的谓语动词如果是be其过去形式一般用were。
●宾语从句中的虚拟语气
一、wish
后面宾语从句中的虚拟语气
wish
后面宾语从句中的虚拟语气,按“后退一步法”处理从句的谓语动词。注意:与哪个事实相反,不能以主句的时态为判断依据,而是根据从句的意义判断。
二、表示“要求、建议、命令”等动词后面的宾语从句中的虚拟语气
从句中用“should
+
动词原形”构成。而且should可以省去。用于此结构的动词有:advise,
direct,
agree,
ask,
demand,
decide,
desire,
insist,
order,
prefer,
propose,
request,
suggest等。
注意:当insist表示“坚持认为”、suggest表示“表明,显示”时,不用虚拟语气。
the
look
on
his
face
suggested
that
he
was
quite
satisfied
with
what
i
had
done
for
him.
he
insisted
that
he
was
honest.
三、would
rather
+从句
在这种结构中,从句的位于动词用过去形式表示虚拟。
i
would
rather
you
did
this
instead
of
me.
●主语从句中的虚拟语气
一、it
be
+
形容词
+
that
...(should)...
用于该句型的形容词是:necessary,
good,
inportant,
right,
wrong,
better,
natural,
proper,
funny,
strange,
surprising
.
一些名词也可以用于
在该结构中。如:a
pity,
no
wonder....
二、it
be
+
过去分词
+
that
...(should)....
用于该结构中的过去分词是表示“建议、请求、命令”等词的过去分词。如:desired,
suggested,
requested,
ordered,
proposed等。
三、it
is
time(about
time,
high
time)that
...(过去式动词形式或should+动词原形)....
it
is
high
time
i
went
home
now.
=
it
is
high
time
i
should
go
home
now.
●表语从句、同位语从句中的虚拟语气
在suggestion,
proposal,
order,
plan,
idea,
advice,
decision等需要有内涵的名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中,要使用虚拟语气。其谓语动词应用:should+原形动词。另外连接从句的that不能省略。
例:my
suggestion
is
that
weshould
go
there
at
once.
what
do
you
think
of
his
proposal
that
we
should
put
on
a
play
at
the
english
evening?
虚拟语气if的三种用法否定
我是英语专业的,或许能帮助你: 楼主记得给分~!!虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式,用来表示说话人所说的话并不是事实,而是一种假设、愿望、怀疑或推测。判断是真实条件句还是非真实条件句。只有在非真实条件句中才使用虚拟语气。通过句子意思,看假设的条件是否能够实现,能够实现是真实条件句,不能使用虚拟语气;假设的条件不能实现则是非真实条件句,要用虚拟语气.判断这个假设是与哪个事实相反。通常有三种情况:①与过去事实相反。②与现在事实相反。③与将来事实可能相反。
I: 最基本的虚拟语气句型:
1. 虚拟现在时表示与现在事实相反的假设,其if 从句的谓语形式用动词的过去式(be 一般用were),主句用would/ should/ could/ might +动词原形。If places were alike, there would be little need for geographers.如果各个地方都一样,就不需要地理学家了。
2. 虚拟过去时是表示与过去事实相反的假设,if 从句的谓语形式用过去完成时即had+过去分词,主句用would / should / could / might + have +过去分词。If he had known your address yesterday,he would have telephoned you.
3. 虚拟将来时是表示对将来实现的可能性很小的或不确定的假设。If从句的谓语形式用一般过去式或用were to / should +动词原形,主句用would / should/could/ might +动词原形。If he were to leave today, he would get there by Friday
4. 省略if 采用倒装语序的条件句。有时可以把含有助动词、情态动词、be或have的虚拟条件句中的连词if省去,而将had , should, were 等词提到主语之前,即用倒装结构。If he had worked harder, he would have got through the exams.==>Had he worked harder, he would have got through the exams.If he were to leave today, he would get there by Friday.==>Were he to leave today, he would get there by Friday.If I were in your place, I wouldn’t do that.==>Were I in your place, I wouldn’t do that.
5. 有时虚拟条件句并没用if 从句表示出来,而是用介词短语(otherwise, or, without, but for)、上下文或其它方式来表示。如:We didn't know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him. Without you help, I wouldn’t have achieved so much. But for (“要不是......”的意思)your help, I would not have succeeded.
II: 虚拟语气在从句中用should的情况:
1. 在表示建议,要求,命令,想法的动词后的从句里, 用should + 动词原形, should 可以省略. 如 advise, agree, command, decide, demand, determine, grant, indicate, insist, order, prefer, propose, request, require, stipulate, suggest, urge, vote.常考到的是: suggest, advise, demand, require, propose, insist, order, request.
His doctor suggested that he (should) take short leave of absence.
The author proposed that TV (should) be turned off at least one hour every day.
2. 在表示建议,要求,命令,想法的名词后的从句里, 用should + 动词原形, should可以省略. 如 advice, decision,agreement, command, decree, demand, determination, indication, insistence, order, preference, proposal, request, requirement, stipulation etc.
It was Bill’s suggestion that everyone (should) have a map.
His suggestion was that everyone (should) have a map.
He gave us a suggestion that everyone (should) have a map.
3. 在It is/was +形容词后的that 从句中用should的结构, should 可以省略. 这类形容词常见的有: advisable, anxious, compulsory, crucial, desirable, eager, essential, fitting, imperative(绝对必要), impossible, improper, important, natural, necessary, obligatory, possible, preferable, probable, recommended, urgent, vital etc.
It‘s natural that she (should) do so.
It is essential that we (should) tell her the news.
4. 在 lest 和 for fear that(以免),in case(以防)从句中用should, should 可以省略.
She walked quietly lest she (should) wake up her roommates.
Have your gun ready in case we should need it.
III: wish 后的 that 从句中:
1. 表示现在或将来的愿望,从句中过去式.
I wish I knew his address.
I wish I were young.
2. 表示过去没有实现或不可能实现的愿望, 从句用过去完成式或would, could, might + have + 过去分词.
I wish you had written to him.
I wish I could have slept longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.
3. 如果将wish改成wished, 其后that 从句中动词的形式不变.
4. 如果that 从句中用would , 一般表示 对现状不满或希望未来有所改变或请求
I wish he would answer my letter.
I wish prices would come down.
I wish you would help me.
I wish you would stop asking silly questions.
IV: 在 It’s about/ high/ first(second, third etc)time 后的that 从句中,用过去式.表示“该是做什么的时候了”
It is about time you were in bed.
It is high time we left.
It is the first time I came here.
V: 在would rather, would sooner, would just as soon 后的that从句中,用过去式或过去完成式,表示“宁愿做什么”
I would rather he came tomorrow than today.
John would rather that she had not gone to the party yesterday evening.
VI: 在if only(“如果....就好了”的意思) 感叹句中,谓语动词与wish宾语从句的虚拟形式相同.
If only he didn’t drive so fast!(现在)
If only she had asked someone’s advice.(过去)
If only the rain would stop.(将来)
VII: 在as if / as though 从句中,表示和现在事实相反或对现在情况有所怀疑,用过去式;表示过去想象中的动作或情况, 用过去完成式.
He speaks as if he were on the spot.
She spoke to me as if I were deaf.
This device operated as though it had been repaired.
注: 1. 在 as if / as though 句中, 如果有可能成为事实, 用陈述语气.
He looks as if he is going to be ill.
2. 在 insist 后的从句中, 如果是坚持自己, 用陈述语气, 坚持别人做什么事情, 用虚拟语气.
She insists that she is right.
She insisted that I should finish the work at once.
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