本文目录
英语主动语态的基本形式及其例句
1、被动和主动（Passive vs. Active）
Tommy hit the ball .
The ball was hit by Tommy. （更长, 没必要）
Cigarette smoking has been shown to be dangerous.（不需要by sb.）
Halley's comet can be seen one every 76-years.
2、条件式（Conditional）
If......
Would......
描述可能发生的事情，如果某事发生。
If I had studied harder, I would have received an "A".
3、虚拟式（Subjunctive）, 表达请求，要求，希望，建议，假设。。。
The professor requested that the student complete（非completes） her assignment a day early.
I suggest he pay more attention in class, unless he wants to receive a "C" or lower.
I wish she were (非was) more punctual.
If I were president of the US, I would lower the unemployment rate.
If she were less hostile, she'd have more friends.
虚拟语气在各种从句中的用法
虚拟式在从句中的主要用法英语语法
虚拟式在从句中的'主要用法：
·主句谓语动词表达疑问、恐惧、希望、不确定性、可能性、希望、意愿时使用下述动词： sperare, temere, desiderare, preferire, volere, permettere。
Credo/Mi sembra che i tuoi amici escano
Speriamo che sia solo un errore
Non sapevo che Giulio guidasse
Ho paura che non faccia in tempo
Voglio che voi partiate al più presto
·使用下述动词作谓语动词表达一种意见或一种劝告： credere, supporre, pensare, accettare, attendere, assicurarsi, augurarsi, chiedere, dubitare, domandare, lasciare, negare, ordinare, sospettare, 等等
Penso che si tratti di un problema serio
Pensavo che gli scrivessi tu
Credevo che il treno partisse alle 8,20
Dubito che Mario parta stasera.
Mi auguro che tutto vada bene.
· 表达个人喜怒哀乐的动词或短语，比如piacer，dispiacere， mi dà fastidio che, mi fa rabbia che.
Mi piace che mi trattino bene!
Mi dà fastidio che (lei) arrivi sempre in ritardo!
Sono felice che voi veniate con noi
· 与动词无人称式组合，如： bisogna che, occorre che, sembra che, si dice, si pensa。或者在类似的用法中： è necessario che, è probabile che, è opportuno che, è meglio che, è strano che, è improbabile che, è facile che, è difficile che, è un peccato che, 等等
è necessario che venga anch’io?
Era meglio che studiassi di più
è strano che siano già partiti
· 在某些连词后面，比如： benché, sebbene, malgrado, nonostante, affinché, a meno che, senza che。在不确定代词或不确定形容词之后，如chiunque, qualunque 等等
Sebbene studi molto, fa ancora molti errori
Qualunque cosa accada, sarò sempre dalla tua parte
· 在表达不现实或不可能含义的条件复合句中：
Se fossi in te gli parlerei
· 在类似 (non) mi importa, (non) mi interessa che....这样的用法中：
(Non) mi interessa che tu ci vada
· 在如下的比较句中：
è il più simpatico che io conosca!
è l’uomo più bello che io abbia mai visto
;关于英语虚拟语气的教案
虚拟语气表示说话人所说的话只是一种主观的愿望、假设或建议等。一、虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的用法1.非真实条件句中谓语动词的形式与现在事实相反：条件从句 结果从句 if i(we,you,he,they)+动词过去式 i(we) should/you would/they would+动词原形与过去事实相反：if i(we,you,he,they)+had+过去分词 i(we) should/you would/they would+have+过 去分词与将来事实可能： if i(we,you,he,they)+动词过去式/were to i(we) should/you would/they would+动词原形相反 /should例句：1与现实事实相反：I am sorry I am very busy now.If I had time,I would certainly come to see you. 很抱歉，我很忙。如果有时间，我一定去看你了。2与过去事实相反：If I had not been for your help,I wouldn't have finished the work so easily. 如果当时听了你的话，我就不会犯那样的错误了。3与将来事实相反：If it rained(were to rain /should rain)tomorrow,I should stay at home. 如果明天下雨，我会待在家里。二、虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法1、在以it为形式主语的复合句中，虚拟语气在主语从句中表示建议、要求、命令等，谓语动词用should be 型或be型虚拟式，在美国英语中常用be型虚拟式。如：It's natural that she should do so.她这么做是很自然的事。2、主句的谓语为某些动词的被动语态，常用在it is (was)desired (suggested,settled,proposed,recommended,requested ,decided,etc)that...句型中如：It is suggested that the question should be discussed at the next meeting.三、虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中。
order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist + (should) do
注意： 如suggest, insist不表示"建议" 或"坚持要某人做某事时"，即它们用于其本意"暗示、表明"、"坚持认为"时，宾语从句用陈述语气。
The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.四、虚拟语气在表语从句，同位语从句中的应用
在suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice等名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，即（should）+动词原形。
I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week. II 虚拟语气的特殊表现形式
一、表示“好像”：除了if条件从句外，由as if和as though等引导的状语从句表示方式时，意思是“好像”,这时从句中的谓语动词应用虚拟语气。其动词形式用过去时(be用were的形式)表示所说的与现在的事实相反；用过去完成时表示所说的与过去的事实相反
二、特殊连词的需要：lest, for fear that和in case引起的从句(这时谓语多用should＋加动词原形)
He’s working hard for fear that he should fail in the exam. (他加紧学习唯恐考试不及格。)
三、介词短语表示虚拟： 有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示出来，而是通过一个介词短语来表示，或通过上下文或其他方式表示出来。如 but for, but that…, in case of, otherwise, supposing, under more favourable condition, without 等表示让步假设
He worked very hard; otherwise he might have failed. (他刻苦工作，不然他就失败了。)
2) But for his help，I .
〔A〕 should not have succeeded
3) The complex society of a modern 〔C〕 the art of writing 4) But that he came to help me, I .
〔A〕 could not have succeeded
III 从句中须用虚拟语气的情况
一、在wish的宾语从句中
1. 动词wish后跟由that引导的宾语从句(that经常被省略)要用虚拟语气表示一种不可实现的愿望。宾语从句中用过去时(be 用were的形式)表示与现在事实相反,用过去完成时表示与过去相反
She wishes she had more money. (她真希望有更多的钱。)
2. 当wish的宾语从句表示一种愿望、要求时，可用过去时，也可用would＋动词原形
I wish you would stay here longer. (我希望你在这儿多呆一会。) 3. would rather(宁愿),would sooner(宁愿), had rather(宁愿) 等词或短语后面的从句中的谓语动词应使用一般过去时表示虚拟语气，表示与过去相反的也可用过去完成时
二、在某些特殊概念词的宾语从句中：一些表示提议、主张、要求、命令、紧要等概念的词语，由于它们本身隐含说话者的主观意见，认为某事应该或不应该怎样，这些词语后面的“that”从句应用虚拟语气，且均以“should”表示这种语气，但事实上“should”常被省略，故此从句中谓语动词用原形。这些词可分为下列几类
1. 下列动词后“that”引导的宾语从句
suggest(建议)， propose (提议)， recommend(建议)， move (提议)， advise(建议)， insist(坚持)， urge(极力主张)， ask, require, request(要求), demand, desire, order, command(命令), decide, intend(打算)， prefer(宁愿)， urge(敦促)。
When I suggested that he try shaving cream, he said, “The razor and water do the job. ” (当我建议他用刮胡膏时，他说“剃刀和水就行了”。)
2. 下列表示主张、要求、命令、愿望、建议等概念结构后的主语从句或逻辑上的主从结构(如下列形容词作宾语从句的补足语时，这时宾语从句一般用it来代替)：这时that所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用“should ＋ 动词原形”或省略should，只用动词原形
it is necessary 【 essential (重要的)， vital(极重要的，不可缺少的)，important,imperative(必须的)，urgent(紧要的)，advisable(应该的)，proper(适当的)，obligatory (必须的)，desirable(今人满意的，值得的)，appropriate(合适的)，fitting (合适的), strange (奇怪)】that…； it is(was, has been) desired 【suggested , requested, ordered , proposed, dicided】 that … .
3. 下列表示主张、要求、命令等概念的名词后面可以跟接“that”引导的表语从句和同位语从句。这种由that引导的从句其谓语动词通常用should＋动词原形或省略should。这类词有：order, request, requiremetn, insistence，suggestion, command, necessity, importance, idea, plan, motion(提议)，proposal(建议)，recommendation(建议)，understanding(协议), resolution(决定，决议)
4. 在expect, believe, think, suspect等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句，我们经常用“should＋动词原形(或完成形式)”，表示惊奇，怀疑，不满等
I never thought that he should be such a brave young soldier. 我们从来没想到他是个如此勇敢的小战士。
5. 另外，在“开放式条件句”(open conditional clause)和让步状语从句中should是被省略了的。在这种情况下，如果if省略，动词be与主语的位置要倒装
If any person be guilty of a crime, the court shall have the right to appeal. (任何人犯罪，法院有权起诉。)
Whether she be right or wrong, she will have my unanswering support. (不管她是对还是错，我都会支持她的。)
但如果把引导词去掉，我们就要用倒装句，如上述几句可变为
Be any person guilty of a crime, the court shall have the right to appeal.
Be she right or wrong, she will have my unanswering support.
三、it is (high) time， 〔该(必须)做……〕等词或短语后面的 从句 中的谓语动词应使用过去时表示虚拟语气
It is high time that you went home. (你们现在必须回家了。)
It is high time that this wrong spending .
此外，还有省去了结果主句的虚拟结构，一般表示愿望，如： If only I were five years younger! (要是能年轻5岁就好了。) 虚拟语气是以动词的特殊形式来说明句中所叙述的内容不是事实，或是不可能发生的事情，而是一种愿望、建议或是与事实相反的一种假设。虚拟语气通常出现在各种主从复合句中。
一、在宾语从句中
1．当主句的谓语动词为“suggest，propose，advise，insist，order，demand，require，request， desire’’等表示“建议”、“命令”、“请求”和“要求”的动词时，其后的宾语从句中要用虚拟语气“should+动词原形”(在美国英语中 should省略)。例如：
I suggest that we(should)hold a meeting tonight．我建议我们今晚开个会。
另外，当主句动词为“ask，move，urse”等意为 “要求”、 “提议”和“极力主张”时，其宾语从句也常用虚拟语气。例如：
I move that the money be used for books． 我提议把这笔钱用于买书。
2．当主句动词为wish，表示“但愿……”，“要是……该多好叼”之意时，其后的宾语从句有以下三种虚拟语气形式。
①动词用过去式来说明与现在的事实相反(BE动词常用were，但有时也可用was)。例如：
1 wish l remembered his address．我要是记住他的地址就好了。
有时；为了强调现在状态下能发生某种情况或进行某项动作，从句中的动词也可用过去进行式。例如：
1 wish it wasn’t raining．要是天不下雨就好
了。
②动词用过去完成式说明与过去的事实相反。例如：
We wish we had paid more attention to our pronunciation．我们以前要是能更注意我们的发音就好了。
He wished he had stayed at home。他但愿他呆在了家里。
③情态动词“would，could，might”等后接动词原形，表示对将来的希望(通常不用should)。例如：
We wish he could come．我们希望他能来。
3．在prefer之后的宾语从句中用“should+动词原形”(should可省略)。例如：
We prefer that the plan(should)be fully discussed before being put into execution．我们希望在计划实施之前进行认真的讨论。
4．在would rather之后的宾语从句中，其动词用虚拟语气，表示句子的主语(某人)宁愿让另一人做某事。
①用动词过去式表示现在或将来要做的事。例如：
I’d rather you went home now．我宁愿让你现在就回家。
②用动词的过去完成式表示过去的动作。
例如：
I’d rather you hadn’t done that．我真希望(宁愿)你没做过那件事。
二、在主语从句中
1．在句型“h is／was+过去分词+that从句”中，当过去分词为“suggested，ordered，desired，insisted， required，demanded，requested，decided，proposed，urged’’等时，从句中要用“should+动词原形”(should可省略)。例如：
It is requested that Miss Zhang(should) give a performance at the party．请求张小姐在晚会上表演一个节目。
2．在句型“h is／Was+形容词+that从句”中，当形容词为“important,necessary，strange，natural’’等时，从句中要用“should+动词原形”(should可省略)。例如：
It is strange that he (should) refuse your help．他竟然拒绝你们的帮助，真奇怪。
3．在句型“h is／was+名词+that从句” 中，当名词为“a pity，a shame，no wonder’等时，从句中要用“should+动词原形”(should可省略)。例如：
It is a great pity that he should be sO selfish。真遗憾，他竟然那么自私。
三、在同位语从句或表语从句中
在名词“suggestion,proposal,idea,plan，order,advice’’等后面的同位语从句或表语从句中，用“should+动词原形”(should可省略)。例如：
I made a proposal that we(should)hold a meeting next week．我提出了我们下个星期开会的建议。(同位语从句)
My idea is that we(should)get more people to attend the conference．我的想法是我们多找些人来参加会议。(表语从句)
四、在定语从句中
在句型“h is(high)time+(that)从句”中，谓语须用虚拟语气。用过去式表示现在或将来的意念，意为“现在是该做某事的时候了”。
例如：
h iS(hieh)time(that)we went home．我们该回家了。
五、在状语从句中
1．在假设条件句的if条件从句中
假设条件句一般是由“if引导的条件从句+主句”构成。if从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气的形式。if从句的假设可以是与现在事实相反的条件、与过去事实相反的条件或者与将来不太可能成为事实的条件。下面分述表示这三种条件的if从句的结构：
①与现在的事实相反，其句子结构为“If+主语+were／谓语动词的过去式”。例如：
If 1 were you，I shouldn’t do that．如果我是你，就不会做那件事了。
②与过去的事实相反，其句子结构为“If十主语+谓语动词的过去完成式”。例如：
1 would have called you if I had known your telephone number．如果我知道你的电话号码，就打电话给你了。
③表示将来不太可能实现的条件，其句子结构为“If+主语+动词过去式／were to+动词原形／should+动词原形”。例如：
If it were to snow tomorrow，they would not go out．如果明天下雪，他们就不出去了。
注：在if从句中，如果含有“were，should，had’’时，可省去if而将“were，should，had’’置于句首，构成倒装句。例如：
Were l in your position，1 would go．如果我处在你的位子上，我就走了。
2．在目的状语从句中
①在由lest
和in case等引导的目的状语从句中，用“should+动词原形” (should可省略)。例如：
He ran away lest he(should)be seen．他跑走了，以免被人看到。
in case等引导的目的状语从句中的谓语有时也可用陈述语气。此时，从句表示的就是真实情况，而不是虚拟情况。例如：
Take warm clothes in case the weather iS cold．带上厚衣服，以防天气变冷。
②在由“so that…”和“in order that…”
引导的目的从句中，要用“can／could／may／might／would+动词原形”，以表示目的并非事实。例如：
she might／could take care of her sick mother． 她在家呆了几天，以便照顾她生病的母亲。
③在由“for fear that…”引导的从句中，用“should+动词原形”(有时也可用may／might／would)。例如：
He worked hard for fear that he should fail．他努力学习，害怕考试不及格。
3．在方式状语从句中
由as if和as though等引导的方式状语从句中，如果从句所表达的情况是虚拟的，则①常用动词的过去式来表示与现在或当时的情况相
反；如果是BE动词，则用were；②常用过去完成式来表示与过去的情况相反。例如：
She loves the child as i厂he were her own．她爱这孩子就好像是她亲生的。
(实际上不是她亲生的孩子)
Holding his head high，he walked past the pole and the soldiers as if they didn’t exist．他昂着头从旗杆和卫兵身旁走过，就像他们不存在似的。(实际上他们是存在的)
4．在原因状语从句中
在“I’m sorry that．—／We were surprised that一．／They were disappointed that．．．”等引导的表示原因的状语从句中，用“should十动词原形”。例如：
I’m sorry that he should be in such poor health．他的身体这么差让我很难过。
上述句子有时也可以用陈述语气，但这仅表示所叙述的是事实，而不表示讲话人的情
这样可以么？
英语虚拟式
1.she insists he should take his vacation now .
2. i had recommended that he should place in a more responsible position .
3.i suggested that he should finish up that project quickly
4.i demanded tahe he should accompany me to the hearing
5.the general commanded the soldiers should advance immediately
6.i would rather mary to type the letters.
7.it was necessary that he should leave immediately
8.it is important that he should be nominated
9.he advised she should wait for a few weeks
10.the board has instructed the manager should quit
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