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什么是独立主格结构
独立主格是由名词和代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子。独立结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。“独立主格结构”。
实质就是带有自己主语的非限制性状语从句。
构成： 名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词；名词(代词)+形容词；名词(代词)+副词；名词(代词)+不定式；名词(代词) +介词短语构成。 特点：(1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
1. 名词/主格代词+现在分词。
名词或代词通常是动作的执行者，与现在分词构成逻辑上的主谓关系，表示主动的或正在进行的动作如： The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didn”t know what to say. 姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。
2. 名词/主格代词+过去分词。
名词/主格代词与过去分词之间的动宾关系。名词或代词是动作的承受者，与过去分词构成逻辑上的动宾关系或系表结构，表示被动或已完成的动作如： The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。 Her glasses broken (= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn”t see the words on the blackboard.
由于眼镜摔坏了，她看不见黑板上的字。
3. 名词/主格代词+不定式。
名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。名词或主格代词通常是动作的执行者，表示将要发生的动作，常位于句首或句末如： He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help.
借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。 They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他们道别后，一个回了家，一个去了书店。
4. 名词/主格代词+形容词。常用来说明名词或代词的性质特征或所处的状态如： An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive. 那架飞机遭遇了空难，无一人生还。 So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 这么多人缺席，会议不得不取消。
5. 名词/主格代词+副词。常用来说明名词或代词的性质特征或所处的状态如： The meeting over, they all went home. 会议一结束，他们就都回家了。
6. 名词/主格代词+介词短语。介词短语也是用来说明或代词的性质特征或所处的状态如： The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand.
那男孩手里拿着书去教室。 Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door.
玛丽靠近火炉坐着，背对着门。
7. There being +名词（代词）如： There being nothing else to do, we went home.
没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。 There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed.
没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。
8. It being +名词（代词）如： It being Christmas, the government offices were closed.
由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。 It being a holiday, all the shops were shut.
由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。
介词with / without + 名词或代词 + 形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词
1. with / without + 名词或代词 + 形容词
He spoke to us with his mouth full .
她口里含着食物跟我们说话。
2. with / without + 名词或代词 + 副词
He left the office with the lights on.
他离开了办公室，让灯亮着。
3. with / without + 名词或代词 + 介词短语
The engineer came with a notebook in his hand.
那个工程师手里拿着笔记本过来了。
4. with / without + 名词或代词 + -ing分词
Don’t brush your teeth with water running.
不要在刷牙时让水流着。
5. with / without + 名词或代词 + 动词不定式
With so much work to do, the manager felt very worried. 这么多工作要做，经理觉得很焦急。
6. with / without + 名词或代词 + 动词的过去分词(from ***)
With the road blocked, they had to turn back and ran round it in another way.
由于道路被堵，他们不得不转身从另一条路绕过去。
用法 独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。 1. 用作时间状语：The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。 2. 用作条件状语：Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。 3. 用作原因状语：An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。
4. 用作伴随状语：He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head).
他躺在草地上，两手交叉枕在脑后。 5.表示补充说明：We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two.
我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。 *注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末
使用独立主格结构的几点注意
1. 独立主格与状语从句的转换
当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。如：
After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.
下课后，学生很快离开了教室。
2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形
在下列两种情况下，独立主格结构中的being（或having been）不能省略：
(1) 独立主格结构的逻辑主语是代词时。如：
It being Sunday, we went to church.
因为是星期天，我们去了做礼拜。
(2) 在There being＋名词的结构中。如：
There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.
因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家。
3. 通常不用物主代词或冠词
在“名词（或代词）＋介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。如：
Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.
史密斯先生走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。
比较with的复合结构：
Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand.
4. 独立主格结构没有所有格形式
The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来了，我们开始开会。
比较动名词复合结构：
The chief-editor’s arriving made us very surprised.
5. 独立主格的时态问题
独立主格结构作时间或原因状语时，可用完成时，表示该动作发生在谓语之前。如：
The listeners having taken their seats, the concert began.听众坐好后，音乐会开始了。
Tom having been late over and over, his boss was very disappointed.由于汤姆一再迟到，他的老板非常失望。
独立主格结构与独立成分的异同
1、有些分词短语可以独立存在,在句子中没有逻辑上的主语,实际上已经变成了习惯用法。这些短语有:
Generally speaking 总的说来,Frankly speaking 坦率地说,Judging from 从……判断,Supposing 假设,等等。
① Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand. 总的说来,这条规则很容易懂。
②Judging from what he said, he must be an honest man. 由他所说的来判断,他一定是一个诚实的人。
2、有些固定短语是带 to 的不定式,表明说话人的立场或态度,在句中作独立成分。这些短语有: to be honest老实说,to be sure 确实,to tell you the truth 说实话,to cut a long story short 长话短说,to be frank 坦率地说,to make matters / things worse 更糟糕的是,等等。
① To tell you the truth, I made a mistake in the word spelling. 说实话,我犯了一个拼写错误。
② To make things worse, many of the men have gone off to cities in search of higher pay, leaving women from nearby villages to carry on with the work. 情况更糟的是,许多男人都去城市找工资较高的工作,而留下附近村庄的妇女来继续承担修复工作。
. 独立主格结构及分词短语作状语的异同
1、独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转换为状语从句。但是,独立主格结构转换为状语从句后,它有自己的逻辑主语,与主句的主语不一致(例①)。而分词短语转换为状语从句后,从句的主语与主句的主语一致(例②)。
① If time permits, we'd better have a holiday at weekends. 转换为:
Time permitting, we'd better have a holiday at weekends. 如果时间允许,我们最好周末去度假。
②When we see from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful.转换为:
Seeing from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful. 从山顶上看,我们发现这个城市更美了。
2、还必须注意,分词结构的逻辑主语并不总是和主句的主语一致,也可以是主句的其它成分,语法上称作"依着法则"(例①)。而如果一个分词结构在句子中找不到它的逻辑主语,语法上称作"悬垂分词"(例②)。
①Searching for the thief in the city, it had taken the policemen a long time. 在城市里搜查小偷,花费了警察很长一段时间。
② When planting these flowers, care must be taken not to damage the roots. (人们)种这些花时必须小心,不要损坏了花根。
什么是独立主格结构
独立主格
1独立主格结构的构成：名词（代词）+现在分词、过去分词；
名词（代词）+形容词；
名词（代词）+副词；
名词（代词）+不定式；
名词（代词） +介词短语构成。
独立主格结构的特点：
1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。
3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
例如： The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考试结束了，我们开始放假。
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 天气允许，我们明天去看你。
This done, we went home. 工作完成后，我们才回家。
The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier. 会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。
He came into the room, his ears red with cold. 他回到了房子里，耳朵冻得红通通的。
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆
2 with的复合结构作独立主格
表示伴随情况时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构：with +名词（代词）+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语。例如：
He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there, with his hand raise.他举手着站在那儿。
典型例题
The murderer was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。
A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied
答案D. with +名词（代词）+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时，其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词"手"与分词"绑"是被动关系，因此用过去分词，选D.
注意:
1） 独立主格结构使用介词的问题： 当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制。例如：A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.（hand前不能加his）劫匪冲进房间，手里拿着刀。
2） 当表示人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分词，不及物动词用过去分词。例如：
He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.
他躺在那儿，牙紧咬，双手握拳，两眼直勾勾看着上面。
典型例题：
Weather___, we”ll go out for a walk.
A permitted B permitting C permits D for permitting
答案B. 本题中没有连词，它不是复合句，也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗号，且we 小写，可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断，本句中使用的是独立结构，其结构为：名词+分词。 由于permit在这里翻译为”天气允许”，表主动，应用现在分词，故选B。
如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式，不妨将句子改为条件句，例如本句改为If weather permits, we”ll go out for a walk. 然后将if 去掉，再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。
英语中所谓的独立结构到底是什么意思
独立结构又叫独立主格结构
独立主格结构有两部分组成，前一部份是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动词或其他的一些词。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结构在句中做状语，多用于书面语。
独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随等。常见的独立主格结构有如下几种：
1. 名词/主格代词+现在分词。名词/主格代词与现在分词之间主谓关系。如：
The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didn”t know what to say. 姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。
Time permitting (= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果时间允许的话，我们明天去郊游。
2. 名词/主格代词+过去分词。名词/主格代词与过去分词之间的动宾关系。如：
The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。
Her glasses broken (= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn”t see the words on the blackboard. 由于眼镜摔坏了，她看不见黑板上的字。
3. 名词/主格代词+不定式。名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。如：
He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。
They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他们道别后，一个回了家，一个去了书店。
4. 名词/主格代词+形容词。如：
An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive. 那架飞机遭遇了空难，无一人生还。
So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 这么多人缺席，会议不得不取消。
5. 名词/主格代词+副词。如：
He put on his sweater wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。
The meeting over, they all went home. 会议一结束，他们就都回家了。
6. 名词/主格代词+介词短语。如：
The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand. 那男孩手里拿着书去教室。
Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door. 玛丽靠近火炉坐着，背对着门。
独立主格结构的特点：
1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定 式，介词等是主谓关系。
3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
举例：
The test finished, we began our holiday.
= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
考试结束了，我们开始放假。
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.
如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。
This done, we went home.
工作完成后，我们才回家。
The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.
会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。
He came into the room, his ears red with cold.
他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆
独立主格结构有两部分组成，前一部份是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动词或其他的一些词。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结构在句中做状语，多用于书面语。
独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随等。常见的独立主格结构有如下几种：
1. 名词/主格代词+现在分词。名词/主格代词与现在分词之间主谓关系。如：
The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didn”t know what to say. 姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。
Time permitting (= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果时间允许的话，我们明天去郊游。
2. 名词/主格代词+过去分词。名词/主格代词与过去分词之间的动宾关系。如：
The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。
Her glasses broken (= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn”t see the words on the blackboard. 由于眼镜摔坏了，她看不见黑板上的字。
3. 名词/主格代词+不定式。名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。如：
He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。
They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他们道别后，一个回了家，一个去了书店。
4. 名词/主格代词+形容词。如：
An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive. 那架飞机遭遇了空难，无一人生还。
So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 这么多人缺席，会议不得不取消。
5. 名词/主格代词+副词。如：
He put on his sweater wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。
The meeting over, they all went home. 会议一结束，他们就都回家了。
6. 名词/主格代词+介词短语。如：
The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand. 那男孩手里拿着书去教室。
Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door. 玛丽靠近火炉坐着，背对着门。
独立主格结构的特点：
1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定 式，介词等是主谓关系。
3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
举例：
The test finished, we began our holiday.
= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
考试结束了，我们开始放假。
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.
如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。
This done, we went home.
工作完成后，我们才回家。
The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.
会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。
He came into the room, his ears red with cold.
他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆
英语中的悬挂结构是什么意思
独立结构是带有自己逻辑主语的结构，又称独立主格结构。作为句子的一个语言单位，其行文简单明了，功能多样。
Ø
独立结构的形式
I.
名词（或主格结构）＋动词的非谓语动词形式
Here
are
the
first
two
volumes,
the
third
one
to
come
out
next
week.
The
plan
having
been
made,
what
is
important
is
to
put
it
into
practice.
The
duty
completed,
he
had
three
months’
leave.
II.
名词（或主格代词）＋形容词
He
entered
the
room,
his
nose
red
with
cold.
She
looked
at
him
expectantly,
her
eyes
full
of
excitement
and
curiosity.
III.
名词（或主格代词）＋介词短语
I
stood
at
his
left,
my
finger
on
the
button,
waiting
for
the
order.
The
teacher
entered
the
classroom,
chalk
in
one
hand,
(a)
textbook
in
the
other.
IV.
名词（或主格代词）＋副词
Class
over,
all
the
students
went
out
from
the
classroom.
He
put
on
his
socks,
wrong
side
out.
V.
名词（或主格代词）＋名词
His
first
shot
failed,
he
fired
again.
She
sat
alone
in
the
room,
her
only
company
a
dying
fire.
注意：以上独立结构都可以看成是带being的分词复合结构的省略形式。加入being就变成了分词的复合结构。如：
Here
are
the
first
two
volumes,
the
third
one
(being)
to
come
out
next
week.
He
entered
the
room,
his
nose
(being)
red
with
cold.
I
stood
at
his
left,
my
finger
(being)
on
the
button,
waiting
for
the
order.
VI.
介词with或without引导的独立结构
这种独立结构的一般构成为：with/without+名/代词＋(分词、形容词、副词、不定式、介词短语)，如：
With
the
old
man
leading,
the
two
started
towards
the
mountains.
She
felt
nervous,
with
all
eyes
fixed
on
her.
Never
sleep
with
the
window
open
in
the
winter.
With
John
away,
we’ve
got
more
room.
With
five
minutes
to
go
before
the
last
train
left,
we
arrived
at
the
station.
His
wife
came
down
the
stairs,
with
her
two-year-old
son
in
her
arms.
VII.
“There
being
+名词”
结构
There
being
no
money
left,
we
have
to
change
our
plan.
There
being
no
spare
parts,
the
equipment
could
not
be
repaired
at
once.
Ø
独立结构的句法功能
独立结构在句中多作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、方式、伴随或补充说明，偶尔也作定语或主语（如最后两例句），如：
The
bell
ringing,
all
the
pupils
went
into
the
classroom.
Weather
permitting，the
football
match
will
be
played
next
Sunday.
The
question
being
rather
difficult,
we
must
take
time
to
consider
it
carefully.
The
brave
man
fought
the
man-eating
tiger,
a
stick
his
only
weapon.
How
can
I
work
with
you
making
all
that
noise?
The
war
was
over,
without
a
shot
being
fired.
A
little
boy
with
two
of
his
front
teeth
missing
ran
into
the
room.
Jenny
in
trouble
was
the
reason
for
my
rushing
there.
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