本文目录
原因状语从句讲解
一 状语从句的种类
§ 1状语从句的种类
用来修饰谓语动词、其它动词、定语、状语或整个句子的从句叫做状语从句。状语从句可分为:
1.时间状语从句;(adverbial clause of time)
2.地点状语从句;(adverbial clause of place)
3.原因状语从句;(adverbial clause of cause)
4.条件状语从句;(adverbial clause of condition)
5.目的状语从句;(adverbial clause of purpose)
6.让步状语从句;(adverbial clause of concession)
7.比较状语从句;(adverbial clause of comparison)
8.程度状语从句;(adverbial clause of degree)
9.方式状语从句;(adverbial clause of manner)
10.结果状语从句。(adverbial clause of result)
§2状语从句的时态特点
一般情况下,时间和条件状语从句的谓语动词一般用“一般现在时”表示“一般将来时”,用“现在完成时”表示“将来完成时”。例如:
I will call you as soon as I arrive in Beijing. 我一到北京就给你打电话。(这是由as soon as引导的时间状语从句,从句中的谓语动词arrive是一般现在时,表示一般将来时,决不可用will arrive)
As soon as I have finished this work, I will go home. 我一完成此工作,就回家。(从句中的谓语动词用现在完成时have finished,表示将来完成时,决不可用will have finished)
If he comes back, please let me know.如果他回来了,请通知我。(从句中的谓语动词用comes back,表示一般将来时,决不可用will come back)
二 时间状语从句
§3时间状语从句(adverbial clause of time)
1.由when, while, as引导的时间状语从句。例如:
When you think you know nothing, then you begin to know something.当你以为自己一无所知的时候,你就是在开始知道一些事物了。
When truth is buried under the ground it grows, it chokes, it gathers such an explosive force that on the day it bursts out , it blows up everything with it.当真理被埋在地下的时候,它在生长,它感到压抑,它蓄存着这么一种爆炸性力量,一旦冒出,它就会炸破一切!
Strike while the iron is hot. 趁热打铁。
Will you watch my clothes while I have a swim. 我游泳的时候,请你照看一下我的衣服。
You can feel the air moving as your hand pushes through it. 当你的手在空气中挥动的时候,你就能感觉到空气在流动。
Our headmaster laughed as she spoke.我们的校长边谈边笑。
【区别】when, while和as的区别:when引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词,又可以是瞬时动词。并且when有时表示“就在那时”。例如:
When she came in, I stopped eating.她进来时,我在吃饭。(瞬时动词)
When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him.当的住在农村时,我常常为他担水。(延续性的动词)
We were about to leave when he came in.我们就要离开,就在那时他进来了。
While引导的从句的谓语动作必须是延续性的,并强调主句和从句的动作同时发生(或者相对应)。并且while有时还可以表示对比。例如:
While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV. (was reading是延续性的动词,was reading和was watching同时发生)
I like playing football while you like playing basketball.我喜欢踢足球,而你喜欢打篮球。(对比)
As表示“一边……一边”,as引导的动作是延续性的动作,一般用于主句和从句动作同时发生;as也可以强调“一先一后。例如:
We always sing as we walk.我们总是边走边唱。(as表示“一边……一边”)
As we was going out, it began to snow.当我们出门时,开始下雪了。(as强调句中两个动作紧接着先后发生,而不强调开始下雪的特定时间)
2.由before和after引导的时间状语从句。注意before引导的从句不再用否定式的谓语,并且当before引导的从句位于主句之后,有时译成“就,才”。还要注意主句和从句之间的时间关系。当主句用将来时,从句总是用现在时;如果before引导的从句谓语用的是过去时,则主句动词多用过去完成时,这样以便体现动作发生的先后。After表示主句动作发生在从句动作之后。主句和从句的动作的时间关系正好与before引导的从句相反。例如:
It will be four days before they come back. 他们要过四天才能回来。
Einstein almost knocked me down before he saw me.爱因斯坦几乎把我撞倒才看到我。
My father had left for Canada just before the letter arrived.我父亲恰好在信到之前去加拿大了。
They had not been married four months before they were divorced. 他们结婚还不到四个月就离婚了。
After you think it over, please let me know what you decide.你仔细考虑过以后,告诉我你是怎样决定的。
After we had finished the work, we went home.完成工作之后,我们回家了。(从句用过去完成时,主句用一般过去时)
3.由till或until引导的时间状语从句。till和until一般情况下两者可以互换,但是在强调句型中多用until。并且要注意的是:如果主句中的谓语动词是瞬时动词时,必须用否定形式;如果主句中的谓语动词是延续性动词时,用肯定或否定形式都可以,但表达的意思不同。例如:
I didn't go to bed until(till) my father came back.直到我父亲回来我才上床睡觉。
It was not until the meeting was over that he began to teach me English.直到散会之后他才开始教我英语。
I worked until he came back.我工作到他回来为止。
I didn't work until he came back.他回来我这才开始工作。
Please wait until I arrived.在我到达之前请等我。
4.由since引导的时间状语从句。 since引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词,又可以是瞬时动词。一般情况下,从句谓语动词用一般过去时,而主句的谓语动词用现在完成时。但在It is +时间+since从句的句型中,主句多用一般现在时。例如:
I have been in Beijing since you left. 自从你离开以来,我一直在北京了。
Where have you been since I last saw you? 自上次我和你见面以后,你到哪里去了?
It is four years since my sister lived in Beijing. 我妹妹不在北京住有四年了。
It is five months since our boss was in Beijing.我们老板离开北京有五个月了。
5.由as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the instant, the minute, 等引导的时间状语从句。这些连词都表示“一……就”。例如:
I will go there directly I have finished my breakfast. 吃完早饭,我立即到那里去。
The moment I heard the news, I hastened to the spot.我一听到消息,马上赶到了出事地点。
As soon as I reach Canada, I will ring you up. 我一到加拿大,就给你来电话。
【注意】hardly(scarcely, rarely)…when / before, no sooner…than相当于as soon as之意。主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时。当hardly, scarcely, rarely和no sooner位于句首时,主句应用倒装语序。例如:
He had no sooner arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey. 他刚到家,就被邀请开始另一旅程。
No sooner had the sun shown itself above the horizon than he got out of bed to commence work.太阳刚从地平线上升起,他就起床劳动去了。
Hardly had I sat down when he stepped in.我刚坐下,他就进来了。
He had hardly fallen asleep when he felt a soft touch on his shoulder.这个阿拉伯人刚要入睡就感到肩膀上被轻轻一触。
6.由by the time引导的时间状语从句。注意时态的变化:在一般情况下,如果从句的谓语动词用一般过去时,主句的谓语动词用过去完成时;如果主句的谓语动词用一般现在时,主句的谓语动词用将来完成时。例如:
By the time you came back, I had finished this book.到你回来时,我已经写完这本书了。
By the time you come here tomorrow, I will have finished this work. 你明天来这儿的时候,我将已经完成此工作了。
7.由each time, every time和whenever引导的时间状语从句。例如:
Each time he came to Harbin, he would call on me. 他每次来哈尔滨,总是来看我。
Whenever that man says“To tell the truth”, I suspect that he's about to tell a lie.每当那个人说“说实在话”的时候,我猜想他就要说谎了。
You grow younger every time I see you. 每次遇到你,见你更年轻了。
8.由as long as和so long as引导的时间状语从句。这两个连词表示“有多久……就多久”。例如:
You can go where you like as long as you get back before dark. 你可以随意到哪里去,只要在天黑以前回来就行。
I will fight against these conditions as long as there is a breath in my body! 只要我一息尚存,我就要反对这种境况。
三 地点状语从句
§4地点状语从句 (adverbial clause of place)
地点状语从句一般由连接副词where, wherever等引导,已经形成了固定的句型,例如:
句型1:Where+地点从句,(there)+主句。
【注意】此句型通常译成“哪里……哪里就……”;主句在从句后面时,there可用可不用;如果主句在从句的前面时,一般都不用there。例如:
Where there is no rain, farming is difficult or impossible.在没有雨水的地方,耕作是困难的,或根本不可能的。
They were good persons. Where they went, there they were warmly welcomed. 他们都是好人。因此他们走到哪里都受到热烈欢迎。
You should have put the book where you found it. 你本来应该把书放回原来的地方。
Where the Communist Party of China goes, there the people are liberated.哪里有了中国共产党,哪里人民得解放。
句型2:Anywhere/ wherever+地点从句,+主句。
【注意】anywhere本身是个副词,但是,常可以引导从句,相当于连词,意思相似于wherever, anywhere引导的从句可位于主句之前,也可以位于主句之后。 而wherever本身就是个连词,表示“在何处,无论何处”。例如:
Wherever the sea is , you will find seamen.有海就有海员。
高中状语从句讲解ppt
状语从句在句子中作状语,修饰主句中的动词,形容词或副词。状语从句放在主句之前时,常用逗号分开;放在主句之后时,一般不用逗号。状语从句按其意义和作用可分为时间、条件、原因、让步、目的、结果、方式、比较、地点9种。如果要是每个都具体讲解的话,我得总结好长时间,内容挺多的,我想……,你如果能问一些具体的题目的话,我可以无偿帮助回答,并且给出解释。
状语从句的幽默导入
状语从句.概念
状语从句修饰主句中的动词,形容词,副词等,在复合句中作状语.引导状语从句的关联词是从属连词.状语从句用陈述句语序,一般位于复合句的句首或句末.当从句在句首时,从句后常用逗号和主句相隔.状语是句子谓语动词的重要组成部分。它的主要语法功能是说明谓语动词,在时间、地点、方式、原因、结果,条件等方面对谓语动词作细节上的描述这些状语经常由副词、短语和从句表示。起状语作用的从句就是状语从句。
状语从句可分为:1时间 2地点 3目的 4原因 5结果 6方式 7条件 8让步 9比较九个种类。
考点分析:
1. 状语从句虽然有完整的主谓结构,却是不能独立的从句。
2. 状语从句它由从属连词引导成为整个句子一个不可缺少的部分。
3. 考查的热点有条件、时间、地点、让步等状语从句的连接词词义辨析.
4. 动词的时态呼应、状语从句的省略等。
5. 题干结构呈交叉和综合特征,选项设计多从定语从句和名词性从句的角度进行思维干扰。
引导状语从句的连接词列表
状 语 从 句连 接 词时间状语从句常用引导词:when, as, while, as soon as(一……就……), while, before, after, since , till, until。 特殊引导词:the minute, the moment, the second, the day,the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner … than, hardly …when, barely \ scarcely … when(一……就……),each time, the first(第一次), last time。every time(每次),地点状语从句常用引导词:where。 特殊引导词:wherever, anywhere, everywhere原因状语从句常用引导词:because, since, as, since。特殊引导词:seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that, considering that, in as much as,条件状语从句常用引导词:if, unless,。 特殊引导词:as/so long as, only if, provid
时间状语从句讲解视频
状语从句讲解
状语从句由从属连词(subordinating conjunctions)引导。注意状语从句与主句之间的逻辑关系,选择正确的连词;有些连词能引导多种状语从句。
一、时间状语从句
引导时间状语从句的从属连词主要有:after, as, before, once, since, till, until, when, whenever, while, as soon as;另外有些词如:immediately(立刻), directly(直接的), instantly(立即地)用于as soon as 意义时,有些名词词组如 the moment(片刻), the instant(立即的), the minute, the day, the year, every time, next time,each time 等也用来引导时间状语从句:
The mother didn't go to bed until her little daughter returned home last night. 昨晚母亲等到她的小女儿回家才睡觉。
I'll explain it to you immediately I've finished reading the letter. 我读完信立刻给你解释。
You see the lightning __________it happens, but you hear the thunder later.
A) the instant(立即) B) for an instant
C) on the instant(马上) D) in an instant(马上)
闪电一发生,你立刻就能看到它,但雷声,你迟一点才能听到它。(B4,1997.1-38, A对。)
No sooner ... than 和 hardly/scarcely/barely ... when 也用来引导状语从句,意思是“一……就……”;如果将no sooner, hardly, scarcely, barely放在句首,就用倒装结构。例:
I had hardly entered the temple when it began to rained. 我刚踏进那座庙就开始下雨了。
_________when she started complaining.
A)Not until he arrived B)No sooner had he arrived
C)Hardly had he arrived D)Scarcely did he arrived
(B6,1990.1-49,C对。)他一到,她就开始抱怨。
No sooner had we reached the top of the hill_________we all sat down to rest.
A) when B) then C) than D) until
我们一到山顶,大家都坐下来休息。(B4,1991.6-62, C对。)
when, while, once, until,till 等后接介词短语或形容词,相当于这些词引导的状语从句:
Hiram had read Lu Xun's works when (he was) in London. 海勒姆在伦敦时就读过鲁迅的作品。
When, whenever, where, wherever 常常后接 possible, necessary :
She tried her best to speak English whenever possible. 只要可能,她就尽量说英语。
二、地点状语从句
引导地点状语从句的主要有:where, wherever及- where构成的复合词。例:
Although he knew little about the large amount of work done in the field, he succeeded_________other more well-in formed experimenters failed.
A) which B) that C) what D) where
虽然在此领域内的许多工作他知道的很少,但是,在比他知道得更多的实验者失败的地方,他却成功了。(B4,1998.1-40, D对。)
We received a warm welcome everywhere we arrived.我们每一个地方都受到热烈的欢迎。
三、原因状语从句
最常用的连词是:because, since, as, now (that), seeing that ,consider that 等;注意 in that是复合连词,意思是because或“在……方面”; since也用来引导原因状语从句。例:
_________ we have finished the course, we shall start doing more revision work.
A) For now B) Now that C)Ever since D) By now
既然我们已经学完了这门课,我们就可开始花更多的时间去复习了。(B4,1990.1-62, B对。)
Seeing that it is raining hard tonight, we'll have to stay here . 今晚下这么大的雨,我们只好在这里过夜了。
Liquids are like solids__________they have a definite volume.
A) in that B) for that C) with that D) at that
液体就象固体一样,因为它有一定的体积。(B4,1995.6-58, A对。)
四、目的状语从句
主要的引导词有:so that, in order that, so,less, in case 等。目的状语从句常常含有情态动词。例:
They are hurrying so that / in order that they may not miss the train. 他们为了赶上火车而匆匆忙忙。
He wrote down my name for fear that / less he should forget it. 他记下了我的名字,以免忘记。
五、条件状语从句
1.最常用的引导词有: if, if only(if 的强调式),unless, as long as, so long as, in case, providing, provide (that), supposing, in the event that, on condition (that)等:
I'll accept any job__________I don't have to get up early.
A) lest B) as long as C) in case D) though
只要不让我早起,什么工作我都可以接受。(94.1-60,B对。)
Government cannot operate effectively__________it is free from such interference.
A) so long as B) so that C) unless D) because
政府无法有效地运作,除非它不受这种干扰。(94.1-53, C对。)
I'm sure he is up to the job__________he would give his mind to it.
A) if only B) in case C) until D) unless
只要他用心,我相信他能胜任这工作。(98.1-45, A对。)
I'm sorry you've decided not to go with us on the river trip, but__________you change your mind, there will still be enough room on the boat for you.
A) even B) nevertheless C) in the even that D) provided that
(2000年全国大学生英语竞赛决赛题,C对。) 很遗憾你已经决定不参加我们的河流旅行;但是如果你现在改变主意,船上还是有你的位置。
2.provided (that)是书面语,有时与if 同义,有时有区别。provided (that)常常表示说话人所希望的条件,而 if 不一定有此含义:
We can sell a lot of garments, provided /if your price is highly competitive.如果你方服装价格很有竞争性,我们就能大量出售。
Provided / If we receive your order by 30 October, we make you a firm offer for delivery by the middle of November at the price quoted. 如果我方在十月三十日前收到你方定单,就可以给你实盘,按所报价格,十一月中旬发货。
We shall cancel the contract if you fail to open the L/C before the end of this month.如果你方在本月有不能开出信用证,我们就撤
销合同。(if不能换成provided,fail to open the L/C...不是we 希望出现的情况。)
3.unless 与 if...not 的比较:
unless 有时等于if...not,例:
Don't come unless I telephone. = Don't come if I don't telephone. 如果我不打电话,就不要来。
然而,unless的语气比 if...not 更强,往往表达最后通牒或类似的意思:
Unless you return these books to the library immediately you will have to pay a fine. 除非你立刻把书还给图书馆,否则你就要被罚款。
如果if 从句表达的是一种非真实的情况,就不能用unless来替换,这是因为unless总是表示“在某种条件下”:
She'd be a good wife if she didn't smoke. 如果她不抽烟,她会是个好妻子。(因为她抽烟,所以她不是好妻子。)
Unless 还用在破折号之后,添补一种“例外的特殊情况”,这种句子不能用 if ... not替换:
He couldn't have seen the accident -- unless he had been in London. 他不可能目睹这一事故---- 除非他当时在伦敦。(他没有目睹这一事故,因为他不在伦敦。)
试比较:
He couldn't have seen the accident if he hadn't been in Beijing. 如果他不在北京,他就不可能目睹这一事故。(他目睹了这一事故,因为他当时在北京。)
六、让步状语从句
主要的引导词有:though, although, even if, even though, in spite of the fact that, despite the fact that, 与及“whever”词和“no matter wh-”。例:
Nowadays we know that everything he wrote was true even though some of it was second-hand information. 现在我们知道了:他所写的一切都是真的,尽管其中有些是间接得来的信息。
However troublesome the problem is , he always faces it with pa-tience. 不管问题多么棘手,他总是耐心面对它们。
When anyone does something for you, no matter how small and no matter whether he is a superior or servant , it is proper to say “ thank you”. 当有人为你办了事,不管这事多么微不足道,也不管他是你的上级还是服务员,你说一声“ 谢谢 ” 总是得体的。
If only the nature of the aging process is better understood, the possibility of discovering a medicine that can block the fundamental process of aging seems very remote.
(2000年全国大学生英语竞赛决赛题) A错,应改为Even if。 即使衰老的过程理解得更透彻了,发现一种能够阻止衰老的基本进程的药仍然非常渺茫。(even是个副词,可以用来强调if,even if 和even though 用来引导让步状语从句。)
while 也可以引导让步状语从句,其意义相当于 although:
While I understand what you say, I can't agree with you.尽管我理解你说的话,但是我不能同意你的看法。
七、方式状语从句
主要由as, as if, as though,in the same way as 来引导,在非正式文体中,也用like(= in the same way ):
Please do the exercises as I show you. 请按照我演示给你看的办法去做练习。
Tom was behaving as though he had grown up. 汤姆现在的表现好象他已经长大了。
Melted iron is poured into the mixer much__________tea is poured into a cup from a teapot.
A) in the same way like B) in the same way which
C) in the same way D) in the same way as
熔化的铁水倒进搅拌机中,很象是把茶壶里的水倒进茶杯。(B4,1996.6-48, D对。)
as 引导的方式状语从句中,常常省略去一部分;“as + 过去分词”的结构是很常见的:
Should the Chinese firm fail to deliver the Gear Boxes in time as contracted , all the losses thus incurred shall be borne by them. 如中国公司未能按合同规定时间交货,应负担一切由此而产生的损失。(as cOntracted= as it contracted)
The import prices show a 4% rise in average as compared with the average price level in the first six months.与头6个月的平均价格相比,进口价增长了百分之四。(as compared = as it is compared)
Careful surveys have indicated that as many as 50 percent of patient do not take drugs directed.
A) like B) so C) which D) as
认真的调查已经表明:多达百分之五十的病人没有按照医嘱服药。(B4,1996.1-37, D对。 as directed = as they are directed)
八、比较状语从句
主要由than, as...as引导,这类从句常常有一些成分没有表示出来:
They usually have less money at the end of the month than __________at the beginning.
A) which is B) which was C) they have D) it is
通常到了月底,他们的钱就比月初少了。(B4,1993.6-54,C对。)
She is__________a musician than her brother.
A) much of B) much as C) more of D) more as
她比她兄弟更懂音乐。(B4,1993.6-65,C对。)
On the top of a mountain our lung would not take in as much oxygen at each breath as they would at the bottom. 在山顶,我们的肺每次呼吸吸入的氧气没有在山脚时吸入那么多。
九、结果状语从句
可以由 so that, so...that, such...that 引导,这类从句也可以理解为表示程度的状语从句:
She told me__________story that we all forgot about the time.
A) such an interesting B) such interesting a
C) so an interesting D) a so interesting
so 副词 such 代词 so副词 后跟 形容词, such代词后跟 名词
(全国高考,1988,A对。)她给我们讲了一个有趣的故事,我们把时间都忘了。
He was so angry that he left the room without a word. 他很生气,一句话不说就离开了房间。
十、if 从句的理解和翻译
if从句不一定表示条件,它可以用来表示although或even if相似的意思;当然,它所表示的“让步”,没有though或even if 的语气那么重。例:
If she is poor, at least she is honest. 她虽说穷,却至少诚实。
You must come in, if only it's only for a minute.你必须进来,哪怕是一会儿。
He is a very good man, if rather dull.他虽然迟钝,却是个大好人。
His style, if manned, is pleasant to read.他的文章风格,虽然有点矫揉造作,读起来还是令人感到愉快的。
The profits, if a little lower than last year's, are still extremely healthy. 利润虽然比去年低点,却仍然是丰厚的。
I'll finish this report if it kills me. 我即使死了,也要完成这个报告。
if 从句中的主语和动词都可以省略:
He's a pleasant, if awkward lad. 他是一个虽然笨拙然而却惹人喜欢的小伙子。(...even if he is awkward )
主句里出现as...as很常见,这时if从句里用否定:
John plays football__________,if not better than, David.
A) as well B) as well as C) so well D) so well as
(1994年高考试题,B是答案。) 论踢足球,虽然约翰并不比大卫踢得更好,但至少他们踢得一样好。
His health is as poor as, if not poorer than, his sister. 他的身体虽然说不比他的姐姐更差,但至少也是跟她一样差。
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