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定语从句与表语从句的区别
表语从句
一、何谓“表语”?
说到表语从句,就不得不先说说什么是“表语”。
表语是英语区别于汉语所特有的一种词类,是起表述作用的句子成分:
从形式上讲,它是位于系动词之后的成分;
从含义上讲,它是用来描述主语“是什么或是怎么样”的成分。
表语是用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的。表语必须和系动词一起构成系表结构,作为句子的复合谓语。表语通常由名词、形容词、介词短语、不定式、形容词化的现在分词或过去分词以及从句来充当。
二、何谓“表语从句”?
当句子的表语由从句来充当时,这个从句就叫做表语从句。
表语从句一般都是位于系动词之后的。
三、表语从句的连接词
常用来引导表语从句的连接词主要有:
that
whether
what/who/whom/whose/which
when/where/why/how及其短语
(一)that
当that引导表语从句时,只起连接作用,不在表语从句中充当任何句子成分。如:
His advice is that we should leave for Shanghai before dawn.
Her plan is that she will call the police first and then try to stop the thief from running away.
【注意】
当名词主语是表示建议、命令、要求等含义(如advice、order、idea、notion、proposal、suggestion、request等)时,其表语从句中的谓语动词一般要采用“should+do”的形式,should可以省略。如:
The officer's order was that all the soldiers (should) never surrender to the enemy.
(二)whether
当表语从句要表达“是否”的含义时,连接词要用whether。如:
His question is whether they can arrive in London on time.
需要注意的是,尽管if也可以表示“是否”的含义,但在表语从句中只能用whether,不能用if。
(三)what/who/whom/whose/which
这些疑问代词如果用来连接表语从句,既起着连接作用,同时又在从句中充当句子成分,可以作主语、宾语、定语等。如:
My concern is what he really expects to get from us.
Her question is who has broken the glass.
Our dilemma is which side we should take.
Their worry is whom she can rely on.
His puzzle is whose money it belongs to.
(四)when/where/why/how及其短语
这些疑问副词如果用来连接表语从句,既起着连接作用,同时又在从句中充当句子成分,一般作状语。如:
The question is when he will show up at the party tomorrow.
He remains where I was last night.
That's why he was late for school this morning.
Her concern is how he managed to climb into her kitchen yesterday.
【注意】
当主语是reason时,表语从句要用that连接,而不是because。如:
The reason why he was late was that he missed the first morning bus.
四、表语从句的特殊连接词
除了以上常见的连接词外,还有一些特殊的连接词可以用来连接表语从句。
(一)(just) as
表示“正如”,经常与表象系动词look/seem/appear搭配使用。如:
She looks just as she was ten years ago.
(二)as if/though
表示“好像”,也常与表象系动词look/seem/appear搭配使用。如:
It looks as if/though it's going to rain soon.
【注意】
这种情况下,as if/though后面的表语从句中的谓语动词一般采用虚拟语气形式,其用法是:该谓语动词的时态要采用相应的过去时态。如:
She acts as if/though she were the hostess of this house.
They looked as if/though they had lived here for a long time.
(三)because
前面讲到why可以用来连接表语从句,其实because也可以用来连接表语从句。如:
She is very familiar with the film. This is because she has already seen the film.
【注意】
在这种情况下,尽管since/for/as都可以表示原因,但这三个词不能用来连接表语从句。
定语从句
一. 定语从句的概念
在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,引导定语从句的词叫关系词,定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。
二. 引导定语从句的关系词
引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词,常见的关系代词包括that, which, who(宾格whom,所有格whose)等,关系副词包括where, when, why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的重要成分。
三. 定语从句的分类
根据定语从句与先行词的关系,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词,主句与从句不用逗号分开,从句不可省去。非限制性定语从句与主句之间有逗号分开,起补充说明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。
四. 关系代词的用法
1. that 既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。作主语时不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如:
Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.
玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。(that作主语)
The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue.
我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。(that作宾语)
2.which用于指物,在句中作主语、宾语或表语。作主语不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如:
The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.
位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。(作主语)
The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful.
我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。(作宾语)
3.who, whom用于指人,who 用作主语,whom用作宾语。在口语中,有时可用who代替whom。who和whom作宾语时也可省略。例如:
The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.
经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。(作主语)
Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to?
正在与李明谈话的老师是谁?(作宾语)
注意:
(1)当定语从句中含有介词,介词放在句末时,who,whom,that, which可省略,但介词在关系代词前时,只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。例如:
This is the house in which we lived last year.
这是我们去年居住的房子。
Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。
(2)含有介词的`固定动词词组中,介词不可前置,只能放在原来的位置上。例如:
This is the person whom you are looking for.
这就是你要找的那个人。
(3)that 作介词的宾语时,介词不能放它的前面,只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如:
The city that she lives in is very far away.
她居住的城市非常远。
(4)关系词只能用that的情况:
a. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:
He was the first person that passed the exam.
他是第一个通过考试的人。
b. 被修饰的先行词为all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one等不定代词指物时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:
Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop?
你在商店里有什么东西要买吗?
c. 先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few 等词修饰时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:
This is the same bike that I lost.
这就是我丢的那辆自行车。
d. 先行词里同时含有人或物时,只能用that, 而不用which.例如:
I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.
我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。
e. 以who或which引导的特殊疑问句,为避免重复,只能用that.例如:
Who is the girl that is crying?
正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁?
f. 主句是there be 结构,修饰主语的定语从句用that,而不用which,例如:
There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom.
桌子上那本书是汤姆的。
(5)关系词只能用which,而不用that 的情况:
a. 先行词为that, those时,用which, 而不用that.例如:
What’s that which is under the desk?
在桌子底下的那些东西是什么?
b. 关系代词前有介词时,which,而不用that.例如:
This is the room in which he lives.
这是他居住的房间。
c. 引导非限制性定语从句,先行词指事物时,用which, 而不用that,例如:
Tom came back, which made us happy.
汤姆回来了,这使我们很高兴。
五. 关系副词的用法
1. when指时间,其先行词表示时间,when在定语从句中作时间状语。例如:
This was the time when he arrived.
这是他到达的时间。
2. where指地点,其先行词表示地点,where在定语从句中作地点状语。例如:
This is place where he works.
这是他工作的地点。
3. why 指原因,其先行词是原因,why在定语从句中做原因状语。例如:
Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school.
没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。
英语中的宾语从句 表语从句填连接词有没有什么方法
我觉得,做名词性从句的题目,需要先分析整个主句的句子结构,确定是什么从句。主语从句在位于动词之前,同位语从句在抽象名词后面,宾语从句跟在及物动词和介词后面,表语从句跟在连系动词后面。再分析从句的句子结构,看句子结构是否完整.(五种情况视为句子结构完整:主谓(动词是不及物);主谓宾;主系表;there be 结构;被动结构)。如果结构完整,意义完整,就用连系词that ;结构完整,意义不完整,需要增加‘是否’含义,就用whether,if (if 不用于表语从句);需要增加‘地点原因时间方式’,就用相应的连系副词where,why,when,how。如果句子结构不完整,就用连系代词,what (指物,什么,做主宾表,没有选择范围),which (指物,哪一个,做主宾表,有选择范围).who (指人,通常用作主语),whom (指人,通常用作宾语),.whose (指人和物,做定语)。希望我的解释可以帮你弄明白。加油!
宾语从句连接词有哪些
1.由连接词that引导的宾语从句
由连接词that引导宾语从句时,that在句中不担任任何成分,在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去,但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省.例如:
He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow.他已经告诉我他明天要去上海.
2.用who,whom,which,whose,what,when,where,why,how,whoever,whatever,whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句,应注意句子语序要用陈述语序.例如:
I want to know what he has told you.我想知道他告诉了你什么.
3.用whether或if引导的宾语从句,其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒,仍保持陈述句语序.此外,whether与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether,不用if:
a.引导主语从句并在句首时;b.引导表语从句时;c .引导从句作介词宾语时;d.从句后有“or not”时;e.后接动词不定式时.例如:
Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question.月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题.
5.think,believe,imagine,suppose等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中,要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式.即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中.例如:
We don’t think you are here.我们认为你不在这.
引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样,表语从句位于连系动词后,有时用as if引导.其基本结构为:主语 + 系动词 + that从句.例如:The fact is that we have lost the game.事实是我们已经输了这场比赛.
That’s just what I want.这正是我想要的.
表语从句because的用法
导语: 表语从句在一个 复合句中,从句作的是主句的表语成分。下面我为您收集整理了英语表语从句的用法,希望对您有帮助!
表语从句的定义:
A. 表语从句就是用一个句子作为表语。说明主语是什么或者怎么样,由名词、形容词或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语充当,和连系动词一起构成谓语。
例句:The problem is when we can get a pay rise. 问题是,当我们可以得到加薪。
B. 连接表语从句的连接词有:that, what, who, when, where, which, why。例句:
He has become what he wanted to be ten years ago.
他已经成为了他10年前想成为的。
She has remained where I stood yesterday for an hour.
她一直在我昨天站的地方站了一个小时。
His suggestion is that we should stay calm.
他的建议是,我们应该保持冷静。
The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.
问题是,他什么时候可以到达酒店。
表语从句的.注意事项:
A. 表语从句一定要用陈述语序。
False: The question is when can he arrive at the hotel.
Right: The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.
B. 不可以用if,而用whether连接表语从句(as if 例外);
引导宾语从句时可以互换if/whether,位于介词后要用whether;
位于句首时要用whether;
引导表语从句,主语从句,同位语从句时要用whether。
False: The question is if the enemy is marching towards us.
Right: The question is whether the enemy is marching towards us.
Right: It looked as if he had understood this question.
C. 不像宾语从句,在有表语从句的复合句中,主句时态和从句时态可以不一致。
Right: The question is who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow.
Right: The question is why he cried yesterday.
D. that在表语从句中不可以省掉。
表语从句的基本用法:
表语从句只能置于主句之后,而主句的动词只能是联系动词。
名词性从句在be等系动词后作表语时被称为表语从句,例如:
The problem is how we can get the things we need. 问题是我们怎样能弄到我们需要的东西。(how 在表语从句中充当方式状语)
The scissors are not what I need. 这把剪刀不是我所需要的。(what在表语从句中充当宾语)
What I told him was that I would find him a good play. 我告诉他的是我会给他找个好剧本。(what在主语从句中作直接宾语,that作为表语从句的引导词在该表语从句中不充当句子成分,不能省略)
That is what I want to tell you. 那就是我想要对你讲的。(what在表语从句中充当直接宾语)
That is why she failed to pass the exam. 那就是她考试不及格的原因。(why在表语从句中充当原因状语)
注意:“That is why...”是常用句型,意为“这就是……的原因/因此……”,其中why引导的名词性从句在句中作表语,该句型通常用于针对前面已经说明过的原因进行总结,又如:That is why you see this old woman before you know, Jeanne. 珍妮,这就是现在这个老太婆出现在你面前的原因。(前文提到Jeanne对老妇人显得苍老憔悴深感诧异,说话人对她讲述了其中的原因之后,用这一句来进行概括)。
下面是两个与“That is why...”形式相似的结构,它们与“That is why...”结构之间的关系要能够辨析清楚:
(1)“That is why...”与“That is the reason why...”同义,只不过从语法结构上讲,“That is the reason why...”中why引导的是—个定语从句,将其中的the reason去掉则与“That is why...”结构一样,例如:
That is (the reason) why I cannot agree. 这就是我不能同意的理由。
(2)“That is because...”句型中从属连词because引导的名词性从句在此作表语,这也是个常用句型,意为“这就是为什么……/因为……”。“That is because...”与“That is why...”之间的不同在于“That is because...”指原因或理由,“That is why...”则指由于各种原因所造成的后果, 例如:
He did not see the film last night. That is because he had to help his little sister with her homework. 昨天晚上他没有去看电影,那是因为他得帮助他的妹妹做作业。(第一句话说明结果, 第二句话说明原因)
He had seen the film before. That is why he did not see it last night. 他以前曾看过那部电影,因此他昨天晚上没有去看。(第一句话说明原因,第二句话说明结果)
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