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初中英语语法大全知识点总结
初中英语语法知识点总结1
名词的所有格：表所有关系
两种表示法：’s和of
1)用and连接两个并列的单数名词表示共有关系时，只在最后一个名词后加’s;表示分别拥有各自的物品时，两个名词都要加’s.
eg: Mary and her sister’s bedroom 玛丽和她妹妹的房间 Tom’s and Mary’s bags 汤姆的和玛丽的包
2)以s结尾的名词，在s后加’, 不以s结尾的加’s
eg: Teachers’ Day Children’s Day
3)双重所有格，形式：of+名词所有格;of+名词性物主代词
eg:He is a friend of my brother’s. Is she a daughter of yours ?
辨析： a picture of her mother’s 她妈妈的一张照片(强调照片是她妈妈的，但照片上的人不一定是她妈妈)
a picture of her mother 她妈妈的照片(强调照片上的人是她妈妈)
4)表示店铺、医院、诊所、住宅等名称时，常用名词后加上’s代表全称 at the doctor’s 在医院的候诊室
5)在some, any, every和one, boby结合起来的复合名词后加’s
someone’s book 某人的书， somebody else’s pencil 其他人的铅笔
6)表示时间，距离，国家，城市等无生命的名词，也可以在词尾加’s或’构成所有格。
意：名词+of+名词名词是有生命的，我们就用’s结构来表示所有关系。如果名词所表示的事物是无生命的，我们就要用名词+of+名词的结构来表示所有关系.如: the legs of the desk，the door of the room
但在表示名词所有格时，’s结构也常可转换成of结构。有些表示时间,距离、国家、城市等无生命的东西的名词，也可以加’s来构成所有格.如: ten minutes' walk，today's newspaper
初中英语语法知识点总结2
1、be late for. 迟到
Don’t be late for school.不要上学迟到。
2、play + 球类名词：打/踢球(注意：球类运动不用冠词)
play +the+ 乐器(西洋)
playping-pong/basketball/volleyball/tennis/soccer
3、sound
1)连系动词，“听起来”，后接形容词作表语。
That story sounds very interesting.那故事听起来很有趣。
2)名词“声音”(泛指自然界中的各种声音)。
The sound is too loud.声音太大了。
4、every day 每天
She plays sports every day. 她每天都做运动。
everyday日常的 everyday English 日常英语
5、after class 下课后 after school 放学后
6、辨析interesting与interested
1) interesting可作表语，指某人/事/物本身有趣;也可作定语修饰人或物
① The book is interesting.这书很有趣。 (作表语)
②I have an interestingbook.我有本有趣的书。(作定语)
2) interested用于be/get/become interested in(对感兴趣)这一结构中。
He is interested inplaying football.他对踢足球感兴趣。
7、like 喜欢
1)like sb. / sth.喜欢某人/某物
2) like to do sth.喜欢/想要做某事(表一次性或特指的某一具体的动作)
3) like doing sth喜欢做某事(表习惯性的动作或爱好)
①我喜欢每天打篮球。I like playing basketballevery day.
②今天很冷，我喜欢呆在家里。Todayis cold, I like to stay at home.
初中英语语法知识点总结3
一、陈述句
陈述句是陈述一个事实或者说话人的看法的，陈述句分为肯定句和否定句。陈述句句末用句号，朗读时用降调。
1、肯定句的基本结构为：主+谓 He went to London to pass his holiday.
2、否定句的表达方式
(1)主语+be+not+表语 He is not a teacher.
(2)主语+助动词/情态动词+not+谓语动词+其他 I don't think you are right. He hasn't yet paid the money. (他尚未付钱。)
(3)使用“not”以外的否定词：
(a)副词：never, seldom, hardly, little, neither等。She seldom comes to see me. (她不常来看我。)
(b)形容词：no, few, little等 He has few friends in Hong Kong. (他在香港几乎没有朋友。)
(c)代词：nothing, nobody, none等。I found nobody about computer. (在那栋房子里我没看到任何人。)
二、疑问句
疑问句的主要交际功能是提出问题，询问情况。分为一般疑问句、选择疑问句、特殊疑问句和反意疑问句。
1、一般疑问句通常用来询问一件事情是否属实。答句通常是“yes或no”。 句型一：Be +主语+ …?Are these books on the desk?这些书在桌子上吗?
句型二：Do / Does / Did + 主语 +谓语+…?Do you like English?你喜欢英语吗? 句型三：情态动词 + 主语 + 谓语 +…?
Must I finish my homework now?我必须现在完成我的家庭作业吗?
句型四：Have / Has + 主语 + 过去分词+…?
Have you heard from him? 你收到他的来信吗?
另外，还有以be动词、助动词或情态动词的否定缩写形式开头的一般疑问句，这种句子一般表示请求、惊讶和对事物的看法等，回答时所用的yes和no表达的意思和汉语的习惯不同。例如：——Isn't he tall?难道他不高吗?
—— Yes, he is.不，他很高。
2、特殊疑问句以疑问词开头，对句中某一成分提问的句子叫特殊疑问句。常用的疑问词有：what 、who 、whose 、which、 when、 where、 how 、why等。例如： who is singing in the room?
what class are you in﹖
初中英语语法知识点总结4
初中英语语法常用
1)在代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most,all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。
All is right. (一切顺利。)
All are present. (所有人都到齐了。)
2)集体名词作主语时，谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company,committee等词后用复数形式时，意为这个集体中的各个成员，用单数时表示该个集体。
His family isn't very large.他家不是一个大家庭。
His family are music lovers.他的家人都是音乐爱好者。
但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。
Are there any police around?
3)有些名词，如variety, number, population, proportion, majority等有时看作单数，有时看作复数。
A number of +名词复数+复数动词。
The number of +名词复数+单数动词。
A number of books have lent out.
The majority of the students like English.
初中英语语法口诀
一、冠词基本用法
【速记口诀】
名词是秃子，常要戴帽子，
可数名词单，须用a或an，
辅音前用a，an在元音前，
若为特指时，则须用定冠，
复数不可数，泛指the不见，
碰到代词时，冠词均不现。
【妙语诠释】冠词是中考必考的语法知识之一，也是中考考查的主要对象。以上口诀包括的意思有：
①名词在一般情况下不单用，常常要和冠词连用;
②表示不确指的可数名词单数前要用不定冠词a或an，确指时要用定冠词the;
③如复数名词表示泛指，名词前有this，these，my，some等时就不用冠词。
二、名词单数变复数规则
【速记口诀】
单数变复数，规则要记住，
一般加s，特殊有几处：
/s/结尾，es不离后，
末尾字母o，大多加s，
两人有两菜，es不离口，
词尾f、fe，s前有v和e;
没有规则词，必须单独记。
【妙语诠释】
①大部分单数可数名词变为复数要加s，但如果单词以/t/、/y/、/s/发音结尾(也就是单词如果以ch，sh，s，x等结尾)，则一般加es;
②以o结尾的单词除了两人(negro，hero)两菜(tomato，potato)加es外，其余一般加s;
③以f或fe结尾的单词一般是把f，fe变为ve再加s;
④英语中还有些单词没有规则，需要特殊记忆，如child—children，mouse—mice，deer—deer，sheep—sheep，Chinese—Chinese，ox—oxen，man—men，woman—women，foot—feet，tooth—teeth。
初中英语语法：句型转换
Ⅰ.题型介绍
所谓“句型转换”就是先给一个完整的句子A，再根据括号内的要求(有时没有明确，须自己观察)，在第二个句子B的空白处填上适当的词来完成的句型转换。
Ⅱ.题型分类
从形式上看，有如下几种形式：
①某一词或词组的转换;
②词组与句子的转换;
③同义句型的转换;
④为纠正常犯语言错误而设计的题目。
从内容上看，此题型涉及的面较广，主要有：
①句子功能方面的转换。包括陈述句(肯定与否定)、四种题疑问句、祈使句、感叹句的转换;
②句子结构方面的转换。即简单句、复合句、并列句之间的转换;
③语态的转换。即主动语态与被动语态之间的转换;④常用句型与词汇手段的转换。
Ⅲ.具体分类如下
一、陈述句与疑问句、祈使句、感叹句间的转换
1、陈述句中肯定句变为否定句，大部分是用not来改变谓语结构，但也有借用否定意义的词，如nothing, nobody, none, neither,little, few, never, hardly等，例如：：
A：Tom does well in maths.
B：Tom doesn't do in maths.
A：He has much to do.
B：He has nothing to do.
A：All of my classmates like art.
B：None of my classmates likes art.
2、改为疑问句。根据上下句的结构和词的减少，来判断变为哪一种形式的疑问句。例如：
A：My brother often has breakfast at school.
B：Does your brother often have breakfast at school?
A：Tom's already weak in English.
B：Tom's already weak in English, isn't he ?
A：The red light changes every two minutes.
B：How often does the red light change?
3、改为感叹句。根据所给的句子结构和单词的词性，来确定使用哪一种感叹句的形式，例如：
A：This is an interesting book.
B：What an interesting book this is!或How interesting this book is!
初中英语语法知识点总结5
表示说的话不是事实，或者是不可能发生的情况，而是一种愿望、建议或与事实相反的假设等。一般常用于正式的书面语中。
1、虚拟语气的构成
如：与现在事实相反
If I had more time, I should study German.(fact:I have no more time, so I shall not study German. )
If she were not so busy, she would attend the meeting this afternoon.(fact:she is very busy, so she will not attend the meeting this afternoon.)
If they didn’t take physical exercises every day, they wouldn’t be so healthy.(fact: they take physical exercises every day, so they are very healthy.)
与过去事实相反：
I would have checked my paper again if I had had more time at yesterday’s examination.(fact:I had no more time at yesterday’s exam, so I didn’t check my paper again)
You would have already recovered from his illness if he had seen the doctor in good time.(fact: He didn’t see the doctor in good time ,so he hasn’t recovered from his illness )
与将来事实相反：
If it rains tomorrow, our picnic will be put off.(The weather has been changeable these days.)
If it rained tomorrow, our picnic would be put off.( The weather has beenvery good these days.)
If it should rain tomorrow, our picnic would be put off.(That would be out of our expectation.)
If it were to rain tomorrow, our picnic would be put off. (条件从句谓语动词用were to +动词原形，表示下雨的可能性极小。Were to rain和should rain都表示“出乎意料之外”，但were to加强表示“当初没想到以后的事”)
注：
(1)如果条件从句谓语动词包含有were或had, should, could有时可将if省去,但要倒装。如：
Had you (If you had) invited us, we would have come to your party.
(2)混合时间条件句的用法：
有时条件从句的动作和主句动作发生的时间不一致。这时动词的形式，应根据它所要表达的具体时间来决定用什么形式。
1) If she hadn’t trained so hard, she wouldn’t be run so fast.(从句叙述过去，主句叙述现在。)
(fact: she has trained very hard, so she would able to run fast.)
2)You would speak English well enough if you had practised reading and speaking it every day.(主句叙述现在，从句叙述过去)
(fact: You didn’t practice (hasn’t practiced ) reading and speaking it every day, so you can’t speak English well enough.)
(3)在其他状语从句中的用法
主要用于由as if (as though)引导的比较状语从句，从句中谓语动词一般用“动词的过去式(be变were )或had +过去分词。”如：
She looked as if she were ill.(实际上她没有病，在这里用虚拟语气补语比喻她精神不佳)
Xiao Liu speaks English so well as if he had studied in England.(这里用虚拟语气表现他的英语说得好)
2、虚拟语气在各种从句的应用
(1)在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、惋惜、理应如此等，其谓语形式是"should(可省) +动词原形"，常用于以下三种句型中。
句型一：It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc) that…
句型二：It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc) that…
句型三：It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc) that…
如：It is strange that he (should) have done that.
It is a pity that he (should) be so careless.
It is requested that we (should) be so careless.
(2)在宾语从句中用于suggest, propose, move, insist, desire, demand, request, order, command等动词后的宾语从句中，表间接的命令和建议。其谓语形式是"(should)+动词原形"。如：
I suggest that we (should) go swimming.
(3)在表语从句中，表示间接的命令，要求、请求、建议、决定等，主句中的主语通常是suggestion, proposal, request, orders, idea等。从句谓语形式是"(should)+动词原形"。如：
His suggestion is that we (should) leave at once.
(4)在同位语从句中，谓语形式是"(should)+动词原形"。如：
We received order that the work be done at once.
(5)在It is time that…句型中，其谓语动词形式是"动词的过去式"或"should +动词原形",should不可省。如：
It's time (that) we went ( should go) to school.
初中英语语法知识点总结6
在习惯上只用作定语的形容词
这里说的定语指的是位于名词前作定语(即前置定语)，而不是位于名词后作定语(即不用作后置定语)，如main 是定语形容词，可以说mainthings，但不能说something main，因为后置定语从本质上说相当于表语，即something main 从本质上说相当于somethingthat is main。下面是几类典型的定语形容词：
一、表示相对关系的形容词
former 以前的，从前的 latter 后期的，后半的
inner 内部的，里面的 outer 外部的，外面的
upper 上部的，上游的 lower 下部的，下游的
elder 年岁较大的 eldest 最年长的
indoor 室内的，屋内的 outdoor 室外的，屋外的
inside 里面的，内侧的 outside 外面的，外侧的
upstairs 楼上的 downstairs 楼下的
【注】inside, outside, downstairs, upstairs等既可用作形容词也可用作副词。用于形容词时，只用于名词前作定语;若用作副词，则可用作表语(或名词后作定语)。
二、表示强调意义的形容词
mere 仅仅的 very 极端的
outright 完全的 thorough 十足的
plain 完全的 complete 彻底的
pure 完全的 perfect 全然的
【注】若用于其他意义，有的可用作表语，如plain表示“明白的”、“普通的”等均可用作表语;perfect表示“完美的`”、“完备的”、“准确的”等，也可用作表语。
三、表示度量的复合形容词
three-year-old 3岁大的 120-page 120页的
five-year 5年的
若用作表语或后置定语，则不用连字符：
She has a five-year-old son. 她有一个5岁的儿子。
Her son is five years old. 她的儿子五岁。
She has a son five years old. 她有一个5岁的孩子。
八种宾语从句不省略that
引导宾语从句的that在下列情况下一般不省略：
1. 宾语从句前有插入语。如：
We hope, on the contrary, that he will stay at home with us.恰恰相反，我们希望他和我们呆在家里。
2. 有间接宾语时。如：
He told me that he was leaving for Japan. 他告诉我他要去日本。
3. that在与之并列的另一个宾语从句之后。如：
He said (that) the book was very interesting and that(不省略) all the childrenlike to read it.他说那本书很有趣，所有小孩都喜欢读。
4. 在“it(形式宾语)+补语”之后时。如：
I think it necessary that he should stay here. 我们认为他有必要留在这里。
5. that从句单独回答问题时。如：
—What did he hear? 他听说了什么事?
—That Kate had passed the exam. (他听说)凯特考试及格了。
6. 在except等介词后。如：
He has no special fault except that he smokes toomuch.他除了抽烟太多之外,没有什么特别的毛病。
7. 位于句首时。如：
That our team will win, I believe. 我相信我们队会赢。
8. 在较为正式或不常用的动词(如reply, object)后。如：
He replied that he disagreed. 他回答说他不同意。
if与whether的区别
1. 引导主语从句并在句首时不用if。如：
Whether we go there is not decided. 我们是否去那里还没决定。
2. 引导表语从句时不用if。如：
The question is whether we can get there on time. 问题是我们能否按时到达那里。
3. 引导同位语从句时不用if。如：
He asked me the question whether the work was worth doing.他问我这个问题，那项工作是否值得做。
4. 在介词后引导宾语从句不用if。如：
I’m thinking about whether we’ll have a meeting. 我在考虑我们是否要开个会。
5. 直接与not连用时不用if。如：
I don’t know whether or not you will go. 我不知道你是否去。
6. 宾语从句置于句首时不用if。如：
Whether you have met George before, I can’t remember. 我不记得你以前是否见过乔治。
7. 在discuss等之后时不用if。如：
We’re discussing whether we’ll go on a picnic. 我们在讨论是否要去野餐。
8. 当用if会引起歧义时不用if。如：
Please let me know whether you are busy.请告诉我你是否忙。(若用if，还可理解为“如果你很忙，你就告诉我。”
初中英语语法知识点总结7
at the end of用法
对于at the end of的用法，同学们需要掌握下面的内容。
at the end of
at the end of +时间点或地点，“在…的尽头，在…的末尾”
They will have a sports meeting at the end of March. (时间)
He put some books at the end of the bed. (地点)
动词的种类
动词是表示动作或状态的词，按其词义和在句子中的作用可分为行为动词，连系动词，助动词和情态动词。
1．行为动词
行为动词可分为及物动词 (vt)和不及物动词(vi)，及物动词表示动作或状态，有完整的词义，能单独作谓语，后跟宾语；不及物动词表示动作或状态，有完整的词义，能单独作谓语，但后面不能直接跟宾语，如要带宾语则与介词或副词构成短语。
如：
More and more people study English.(vt)
The students are listening to the teacher carefully.(vi)
2．连系动词
连系动词本身有一定的词义，但不能独立作谓语，必须与表语一起构成谓语。常用的连系动词有 be, get, turn, become, look, feel, grow, seem, sound, taste, smell等。
如：
Our country is becoming stronger and stronger.
It feels damp.
3．助动词
助动词本身无词义，不能单独作谓语，只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词，表示否定，疑问及动词的时态、语态、人称和数等语法特征，助动词有 be,do,have,shall,will等。
如：
How do you usually come to school?
The children are playing yo-yo now.
4．情态动词
情态动词本身有一定的意义，但不能独立作谓语，只能和主要动词原形一起构成谓语，表示说话人的语气和情态。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。情态动词有 can (could),may(might),must, need, ought to, dare等。
如：
Can I help you?
- Must we go now? -No, you needn't .
a. can与be able to的用法有所区别。can只用于一般现在时和过去时，指本身有能力的"能"；be able to用于各种时态均可，指须经过努力而"能"。
b. must与have/has to的用法。must表示说话人主观认为"必须"，只用于一般现在时和一般将来时；have/has to表示客观需要，意为"不得不"，它可用于各种时态。
c．need和dare既可作情态动词也可作行为动词。
以上对动词的种类知识的内容讲解学习，相信同学们已经能很好的掌握了吧，希望同学们在考试中取得很好的成绩。
初中英语语法知识点总结8
should的用法：
should用来提出建议和忠告，后边加动词原形，否定句直接在should后边加not.
例如：I think you should eat less junk food.
我认为你应该少吃垃圾食品。
She drives a lot and she seldom walks. So I think she should walk a lot.
她经常开车，很少走路。所以我认为她应该多走路。
Students shouldn’t spend too much time playing computer games.
学生们不应当花太多的时间玩计算机游戏。
学习向别人提建议的几种句式：
(1)I think you should…
(2)Well, you could…
(3)Maybe you should …
(4)Why don’t you…?
(5)What about doing sth.?
(6)You’d better do sth.
英语八大从句类型与用法总结是什么意思
根据从句语法功能的不同可分为：主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句6类。
1、主语从句
主语从句就是作主语的从句。它的连接词有连词、连接副词、连词代词。主语从句放在句首时，句子显得很笨重，因此常用it作形式主语，而将真正的主语后置，比如：
It is a pity that you have missed such a wonderful concert.
真遗憾你错过了这么精彩的一场音乐会。
2、表语从句
表语从句就是作表语的从句。它的连接词有连词、连接副词、连词代词等。
比如：
My idea is that we meet at the bus stop.
我的想法是我们在公共汽车站会面。
3、宾语从句
宾语从句就是作宾语的从句。它的连接词有连词、连接副词、连词代词等。
比如：
She said that she would drop maths.
她说她要放弃数学。
4、同位语从句
同位语从句就是作同位语的从句，它的连接词有连词、连接副词等。
The fact that everyone loves beauty is common sense.
人人爱美是常识。
5、定语从句
定语从句就是作定语的从句。定语从句主要修饰、限定、描绘名词，有时修饰代词，放所修饰词后边。
比如：
The girl who wears a new dress is my daughter.
那个穿新衣服的女孩是我的女儿。
6、状语从句
状语从句就是作状语的从句。在复合句中修饰主句中的谓语动词、形容词或副词，起状语作用的从句叫作状语从句。
比如：
Soon after he jumps his parachute will open.
他跳伞之后，降落伞就会打开。
初中英语状语从句知识点归纳
有关初中英语状语从句语法归纳
状语从句指的是在主从句中作状语的从句，修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词等。状语从句放在主句之前时，常用逗号分开；若放在主句之后，一般不用逗号。按其意义和作用划分，常见的'有以下几种：
时间状语从句
一般来说，时间状语从句常由连词when, before, after, as soon as或until引导。在使用时，从句一般不用一般将来时态。若主句为一般将来时态或是含有将来的意味时，时间状语从句常用一般现在时态来代替将来，即主将从现。如：
I will go to the cinema as soon as I finish my homework. 我一完成作业就去电影院。
When I grow up, I will join the army. 当我毕业了，我就要去参军。
条件状语从句
条件状语从句常由if（如果）、unless（除非）或as long as（只要）来引导，同样适用于主将从现。如：
We will stay at home if it rains tomorrow. 如果明天下雨了，我们就会呆在家。
He won’t come here unless he is invited. 除非被邀请，否则他不会到这儿来的。
原文 初中英语语法:初中英语语法 状语从句是什么
As long as you give me money, I will go with you. 只要你给我钱，我就跟你走。
原因状语从句
原因状语从句常由because（因为），since（既然；由于）或as（由于）来引导。在使用时，注意because和so（所以）不能用在同一个句子中。如：
Since you can’t help me, I’ll find someone else. 既然你帮不了我，那我就找其他人吧。
He failed the exam because he didn’t work hard.
= He didn’t work hard, so he failed the exam. 因为他不努力，所以考试没有及格。
让步状语从句
让步状语从句由although或though（虽然；尽管）来引导。注意，在使用时，though或although不能和but不能用在同一个句子中，两者只能用其一。如：
We still worked in the field although / though it was raining hard.
= It was raining hard, but we still worked in the field.
尽管天下着大雨，但是我们仍然在地里干活。
;初中英语各种从句的详细讲解
一．主语从句
主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。
1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较
It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如：
It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film.
It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.
It is in the morning that the murder took place.
It is John that broke the window.
2. 用it 作形式主语的结构
(1) It is ＋名词＋从句
It is a fact that … 事实是…
It is an honor that …非常荣幸
It is common knowledge that …是常识
(2) it is ＋形容词＋从句
It is natural that… 很自然…
It is strange that… 奇怪的是…
(3) it is ＋不及物动词＋从句
It seems that… 似乎…
It happened that… 碰巧…
(4) it ＋过去分词＋从句
It is reported that… 据报道…
It has been proved that… 已证实…
3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况
(1) if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。
(2) It is said , (reported) …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：
It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week. (right)
That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. (wrong)
(3) It happens…, It occurs… 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：
It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. (right)
That he failed in the examination occurred to him. (wrong)
(4) It doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：
It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not. (right)
Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter. (wrong)
(5) 含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如：
Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? (right)
Is that will rain in the evening likely? (wrong)
4. What 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别
What 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语．宾语．表语，而that 则不然。例如：
1) What you said yesterday is right.
2) That she is still alive is a consolation.
二．宾语从句
宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词（及物动词）或介词之后。
1. 作动词的宾语
(1) 由that引导的宾语从句（that 通常可以省略）,例如：
I heard that be joined the army.
(2) 由what, whether (if) 引导的宾语从句，例如：
1) She did not know what had happened.
2) I wonder whether you can change this note for me.
(3) 动词＋间接宾语＋宾语从句。例如：
She told me that she would accept my invitation.
2. 作介词的宾语
例如：Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.
3. 作形容词的宾语
例如：I am afraid (that) I’ve made a mistake.
That 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语：
nxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以将此类词后的that 从句的看作原因状语从句。
4. It 可以作为形式宾语
It 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。 例如：
We heard it that she would get married next month..
5. 后边不能直接跟that 从句的动词
这类动词有Allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语，但不可以用that引导的宾语从句。例如：
I admire their winning the match. (right)
I admire that they won the match. (wrong)
6. 不可用that从句作直接宾语的动词
有些动词不可用于“动词＋间接宾语＋that从句“结构中，常见的有Envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。例如：
He impressed the manager as an honest man. (right)
He impressed the manager that he was an honest man. (wrong)
7. 否定的转移
若主句谓语动词为Think, consider, wuppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。例如：
I don’t think this dress fits you well.（我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。）
三．表语从句
表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语＋连系动词＋表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。引导表语从句的that常可省略。另外，常用的还有the reason is that… 和It is because 等结构。例如：
1) The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.
2) This is why we can’t get the support of the people
3) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.
4) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.
四．同位语从句
同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。
1. 同位语从句的功能
同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导，例如：
1) The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.
2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.
2. 同位语在句子中的位置
同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。例如：
He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.
五定语从句
定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。
一、 限定性定语从句
1. that即可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。而且，如果which在从句中作“不及物动词＋介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置
2. which作宾语时，根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系，先行词与which之间的介词不能丢
3. 代表物时多用which，但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which，这些词包括all, anything, much等，这时的that常被省略
4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语
5. where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句
6. when引导定语从句表示时间
〔注〕值得一提的是，表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导
By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks.
I still remember the first time I met her.
Each time he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc.
7. whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格
8. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时，常用there is来引导
二、非限定性定语从句：非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常和主句间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立
1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分
2. 在引导限定性定语从句时，that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which
Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变，这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。
I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐，而他恰恰与我相反。
We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 刚好我们到的那天他们走了。
3. 有时as也可用作关系代词
4. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用that，而用who, whom代表人，用which代表事物.
一.定语从句及相关术语
1.定语从句：修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。
2.关系词：引导定语从句的关联词成为关系词
关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词有where, when, why等。
关系词常有3个作用：1，引导定语从句。2，代替先行词。3，在定语从句中担当一个成分。
二.关系代词引导的定语从句
1.who指人，在从句中做主语
(1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One.
2. whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。
(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.
注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。
(3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.
3. which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略
(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys.
(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.
4. that指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。在宾语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。
(5) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.
(6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?
5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语
(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.
(2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.
whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替
(3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
(4) The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
(5) Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?
(6) Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?
三.介词+关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时，从句常由介词+关系代词引导
(1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.
(2) The school in which he once studied is very famous.
(3) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.
注意：1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等
(1) This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T)
(2) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F)
2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物时用which，不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose
(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T)
(2) The man who/that you talked with is my friend. (F)
(3) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T)
(4) The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F)
3. “介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词或者数词
(1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.
(2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.
(3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.
四．关系副词引导的定语从句
1. when指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语
(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school.
2. where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语
(1) Shanghai is the city where I was born.
3. why指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语
(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.
注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换
(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,
(2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.
五．限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句
形式上 不用逗号和主句隔开 用逗号和主句隔开
意义上 是先行词不可缺少的定语，不能删除 是对先行词的补充说明，删除后意思仍完整
译法上 翻译成先行词的定语，“…的…” 通常翻译成主句的并列句
关系词的使用上 A．做宾语时可省略 B。可用that
C．可用who代替whom A．不可省 B。不用that
C。不用who代替whom
限制性定语从句举例：
(1) The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on.
非限制性定语从句举例：
(1) His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.
要注意区分以下几个句子的不同
(1) His brother who is now a doctor always encourages him to go to college.
他那当医生的哥哥常鼓励他要考上大学。（他还有其他的哥哥）
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