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语法分句的基本句型
大家好啊,苔苔是英专二年级生,苦于自己的语法知识匮乏,经常做错题,也不会分析课文难句成分,更别提自己写长难句了!于是开始复习大一的语法教材 ,查漏补缺 Ծ‸Ծ 相信很多人也有和苔苔一样的苦恼,希望苔苔的笔记可以帮助你们梳理语法,裨补阙漏,完善语法知识体系٩( 'ω' )و
句子建立在分句的基础上。
分句按不同的句法功能可以分为四类。
独立分句和从属分句;简单分句和复杂分句;主句和从句;限定分句、非限定分句、无动词分句。
今天主要复习了第四类,即限定分句、非限定分句和无动词分句。
下面是苔苔的语法笔记,如果不习惯看图片的话,下面有文字版。
(部分单词在图片中有标注意思)
分句是建立在一个或一个以上词组基础上的语法单位,但并非任何一串词组都可算是分句,只有 在语义上结成一定主谓关系的词组序列才是分句 。
下面来简单介绍一下限定分句、非限定分句和无动词分句。
1.限定分句(Finite Clause):
以限定动词词组作谓语动词的分句。
2.非限定分句(Non-finite Clause):
以非限定动词词组(即动词不定式、-ing分词、-ed分词)作谓语动词的分句。
[标粗部分为非限定分句]
例如:
Renee bought a book to read on the plane .
It is forbidden to smoke in this room .
Can't you recall telling me that story last week ?
Leaving the room , he tripped over the mat.
trip over 绊倒 mat 垫子
Covered with confusion , they apologized abjectly.
3.无动词分句(Verbless Clause):一个主谓结构如果不带任何形式的动词词组作谓语动词。
[标粗部分为无动词分句]
例句:
Hungry and exhausted , the climbers returned.
原句中“hungry and exhausted”是修饰主语“the climbers”的形容词。如果还原这个分句应为“the climbers were hungry and exhausted.”这样一对比就会发现原分句省去了主语“the climbers”和谓语“were”,构成了无动词分句。
(但是老师说这种句子有些过于正式,演讲或日常对话中极少使用)
下面还有一些例子。
Confident of the justice of their case , they agreed to put their case before the arbitration panel(仲裁小组).
更多的例子请参照手写笔记吧,图片都放在上面啦。如果有可以完善的地方也欢迎大家和苔苔交流!苔苔一定努力完善!
因为今天课程繁多,语法复习只做了一小部分,希望可以帮助到大家✺(❁´ᴗ`❁)*✲゚*
行百里路半九十,一定要坚持呀。
语法复习参照《新编英语语法教程》第5版
和我一起学习英语吧٩( 'ω' )و
英语无动词分句问题及答案
这里的that school was finished 只是形容词glad 的宾语从句。关键是glad 是个形容词,它前边的动词没有了,就叫它"无动词分句"。
非限定分句和无动词分句的区别
非限定动词(non-finite verb)是动词的非谓语形式。非限定动词和限定动词不同。限定动词(finite verb)在句中用作谓语,受主语的人称和数的限制。如:
I put my book down and look out of the window. 我放下书,望着窗外。
Hunger and disease are would problems. 饥饿和疾病是世界性问题。
非限定动词在句中不可单独用作谓语,不受主语的人称和数的限制;它在句中可以用作其它句子成分。非限定动词有三种,即不定式、动名词和分词。如:
Scientists hope to find a cure for cancer. 科学家们希望找到一种治疗癌症的方法。(不定式to find用作宾语)
Backpacking is popular among college students. 背行李包旅行在大学生中很流行。(动名词backpacking用作主语)
People walking in poorly lighted areas at night should be extremely careful. 夜间在光线差的地方走路的人应当特别小心。(现在分词walking用作定语)
Badly torn garments should be mended by an experienced seamstress. 破得厉害的衣服应当找有经验的女缝工缝补。(过去分词torn和experienced用作定语)
非限定动词由于不能用作谓语,因而没有语法上的主语,但它往往有逻辑上的主语。如:
How can I get to know her? 我怎么能认识他呢?(不定式to know的逻辑主语是I)
I can’t bear his staying up so late. 我不能忍受他这么晚睡。(动名词staying的逻辑主语是his)
Who is that speaking? 您是哪一位?(现在分词speaking的逻辑主语是that)
They plan further talks with interested parties in this question. 他们就此问题打算与有关各方进一步谈判。(过去分词interested的逻辑主语是parties)
非限定动词短语往往可以转化成各种从句。如:
The foreign guests hope to join the National Day celebration of Beijing. → The foreign guests hope that they can join the National Day celebration of Beijing. 外宾希望参加北京的国庆庆祝会。(不定式短语转化成宾语从句)
The man standing there is our English teacher. → The man who is standing there is our English teacher. 站在那儿的那个人是我们的英语教师。(现在分词短语转化成定语从句)
I regret being unable to help. → I regret that I cannot help. 我感到抱歉,不能帮助你。(动名词短语转化成宾语从句)
非限定动词具有双重性质,即它既有动词性质,又有非动词性质。
1)非限定动词的动词性质表现在:
a)有时式与语态的变化。如:
I want to talk to you , Jill. 我想跟你谈谈,吉尔。(to talk是不定式一般式)
They are said to have left London. 据说他们已经离开伦敦。(to have left是不定式完成式)
You have no need to be fearing. 你没有必要害怕。(to be fearing是不定式进行式)
Turning a corner quickly is frightening to pedestrians. 行车急拐弯是会惊吓行人的。(turning是动名词一般式)
I remember having read about it in the newspapers. 我记得在报上读到过这条消息。(having read是动名词完成式)
I don’t like being watched. 我不喜欢被人盯着。(being watched是动名词被动式)
Having been asked to stay, I couldn’t very well leave. 既然要我留下,我就不好走了。(having been asked是现在分词完成被动式)
b)可被状语所修饰。如:
To drink while driving is dangerous. 开车时喝酒很危险。(不定式to drink为状语while driving所修饰)
Roller-skating on rough pavement invites accidents. 在不平的路面上滑旱冰容易出事故。(动名词roller-skating为状语on rough pavement所修饰)
Increasing from 2.5 billion in 1950, the population of the world reached 5 billion in 1987. 世界人口已从1950年的25亿增加到1987年的50亿。(现在分词increasing为状语from …in所修饰)
A chimney filled with soot requires the services of a qualified chimneysweep. 布满烟灰的烟囱需要合格的烟囱清扫工去清扫。(过去分词filled为状语with soot所修饰)
c)及物动词须有宾语。如:
To kill bugs, spray the area regularly. 为了杀虫,请定期在地面上洒药。(及物动词不定式to kill的宾语是bugs)
Do you have any reason for saying such a thing? 你有什么理由说这种话吗?(及物动词动名词saying的宾语是such a thing)
Having plenty of time, we walked to the station. 时间很充裕,我们步行去了车站。(及物动词现在分词having的宾语是plenty of time)
2)非限定动词的非动词性质表现在:
a)相当于名词。如:
To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。(不定式to see相当于名词,用作主语)
Teachers despise cheating. 教师厌恶作弊。(动名词cheating相当于名词,用作宾语)
b)相当于形容词。如:
A crying child is easily comforted by a few soothing words. 哭闹的孩子容易用几句好话安慰。(现在分词crying相当于形容词,作定语)
Never does a watched pot boil. 心急锅不开。(过去分词watched相当于形容词,作定语)
非限定动词与其宾语或状语连用即构成非限定动词短语。非限定动词短语有三种:
1)不定式短语。如:
He gave her a knife to cut the bread with. 他给她一把刀子切面包。
To cooperate with others is important. 同他人合作是很重要的。
2)动名词短语。如:
He likes reading aloud. 他喜欢朗读。
Loading heavy weights requires great skill. 装重货要求高技巧。
3)分词短语。如:
It’s a mixture consisting of oil and vinegar. 那是一种油和醋的混合物。(现在分词短语)
We ate sitting on the grass. 我们坐在草地上吃饭。(现在分词短语)
The book just referred to is translated into Chinese. 刚才谈到的那本书已经译成中文。(过去分词短语)
Mocked at by everybody, he had my sympathy. 尽管人们都嘲弄他,我却对他抱有同情。(过去分词短语)
紧助英语无动词分句作状语怎么翻译
第一个 形容词做状语,时间 其实 完整的是 when these apples are ripe ,they are sweet。主从句都是 主系表结构,省略一样的。
第二个句子 是 I am certain that As he is a man of integrity,he would keep his word.可以看出 都是主系表结构的状语从句 省略得来的。
至于位置可以参考 如下:
形容词除了可以作定语、表语或补语外,还可以在句中作状语,具有副词的功能。形容词作状语用时,一般用逗号将其与句子的其余部分隔开。这种状语可位于句首、句末或句中。它在意义上相当于一个状语从句,具有以下语义和特征。
一、形容词或形容词短语可以作状语,表示行为方式或伴随状况。有时,它会像非限制性定语从句一样,表示意义上的增补,其逻辑主语是句子的主语。例如:
1. Crusoe stared at the footprint, full of fear. (=Curose, who was full of fear, stared at the footprint. )克鲁索两眼死盯着脚印看,内心里充满着恐惧。
2. He approached us, full of apologies. (=He, who was full of apologies, approached us. )他连声道歉地朝我们走过来。
二、形容词或形容词短语可以作状语,表示原因。这种状语一般位于句首,有时也可位于句中。例如:
1. Angry at the girl oversleeping, Mr Green went down to wake her up. (=Mr Green went down to wake up the girl because he was angry with her for oversleeping. )格林先生下去叫醒她,是因为她睡过了头惹恼了他。
2. Lin Tao, glad to accept the suggestion, nodded his agreement. (=Because he was glad to accept the suggestion, Lin Tao nodded his agreement. )
因为林涛很乐意接受这个建议,所以他就点头同意了。
三、形容词或形容词短语可以作状语,表示时间或条件。这种状语通常位于句首,也可位于句末。例如:
1. Ripe, these apples are sweet. (=When / If these apples are ripe, they are sweet. )这些苹果熟了,味道很甜。
2. Enthusiastic, they are quite cooperative. (=When / If they are enthusiastic, they are cooperative. )
他们热心时是很愿意合作的。
四、形容词或形容词短语可以作让步状语。这种状语常由连词or连接的两个或两个以上的并列形容词构成,一般位于句首,有时也可位于句中。例如:
1. Right or wrong, he always comes off worst in an argument because of his inability to speak coherently. (=Whether he is right or wrong, he always comes off worst because of his inability to speak coherently. )
由于讲话语无伦次,所以不论有理没理,他在辩论中的表现总是非常糟糕。
2. Wet or fine, he got up at six and took a walk in the park. (= Whether it was wet or fine, he got up at six and took a walk in the park. )
不管是晴天还是下雨天,他总是六点钟起床,并到公园里散散步。
五、形容词或形容词短语可以作状语,表示结果或存在的状态。这种状语在句中的位置比较灵活。例如:
1. For a moment she just stood there, unable to believe what had just happened.
她在那儿呆呆地站了一会儿,不敢相信刚才发生的事情。
2. One woman was lying in bed, awake, listening to the rushing wind.
有一个女人躺在床上,毫无睡意,静听那疾驰而过的大风。
六、形容词或形容词短语可以在句首作状语,表示说话人的态度。例如:
1. Strange, he should have done such a thing.
奇怪,他做了这样一件事。
2. Worse still, the lion could even carry off the baby it its mouth.
更糟糕的是,狮子甚至能把婴儿叼走。
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