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英语中的同位语是什么意思
同位语有两种含义:
与前面的名词是同一个内容
如果从句子中删掉前面的名词,同位语可以担任这个名词原来担任的句子成分。
初级的同位语就是名词或短语,例如:
Sarah, my friend, likes going swimming every Sunday.
my friend 就是 Sarah 的同位语,表示Sarah本人。Sarah是主语,如果去掉Sarah,my friend完全可以担任本句的主语。
进阶版的同位语就是一个句子,带有这种句子的就是同位语从句,例如:
The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true.
that we are having a holiday tomorrow 是本句 The news 的同位语,表达的是news的内容。The news 在本句中担任主语,如果去掉The news,that we are having a holiday tomorrow完全可以担任本句主语。只不过,原句的语法类型我们称之为同位语从句,而去掉The news的句子语法类型,就变成了主语从句。
语文有没有同位语
句子中指代同一事物的两个词、片语或子句,称同位关系。例如:My sister, Helen Wilson, will travel with me. 句中My sister和Helen Wilson指的是同一个人,它们是同位成分,后一成分通常叫做前一成分的同位语。
定义同位语是在名词或代词之后的并列名词或代词, 对前者加以说明的成分。同位语只有主语和宾语才有,由名词性短语充当。
解释一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行修饰,限定或说明,这个名词(或其它形式)就是同位语。同位语与被它限定的词的格要一致,并常常紧挨在一起。
例句
1.由两个或两个以上同一层次的语言单位组成的结构,其中前项与后项所指相同,句法功能也相同,后项是前项的同位语。
Mr. Smith, our new teacher, is very kind to us.
我们的新老师史密斯先生对我们很好。
our new teacher是主词Mr. Smith的同位语,指同一人。
Yesterday I met Tom, a friend of my brother's.
昨天我遇到了我弟弟的朋友汤姆。
a friend of my brother's是受词Tom的同位语,指同一人。
2.如同位语与其同位成分关系紧密时不用逗点隔开;如同位语对其同位成分只作补充解释时可用逗点隔开。
He himself told me that his brother John is a world-famous doctor.
他本人对我讲,他的兄长约翰是一位世界闻名的医生。
himself和John都是单一的字作同位语,与其同位成分之间不用逗点隔开。
Yesterday I talked to my English teacher, Mr. James.
昨天我与我的英语老师詹姆斯先生谈过了。
同位语Mr. James补充解释my English teacher,同位语与其同位成分之间可用逗点隔开。
3.同位语除表示其同位成分的全部意义外,还可以表示部分意义。
We Chinese people are brave and hardworking.
我们中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。
He is interested in sports, especially ball games.
他喜欢运动,特别是球类运动。
同位从句一般跟在某些名词如answer(答案),hope(希望),fact(事实),belief (信仰),news(消息),idea(主意;观念),promise(承诺),information(信息),conclusion(结论),order(命令), suggestion(建议),problem(问题),thought (想法)等后面。例如: He always works hard even if he knows the fact that he is not in good health. His failure was due to the fact that he had not practised for a long time. I had no idea that you were here. She told us her hope that she would become a pianist. He made a promise that he would never come late. 注意: that 既可引导同位语从句又可引导定语从句,其区别在于:同位语从句由连接词that引导,连接词that本身无意义,在同位语从句中不充当任何成分,不可省略,不可以用其他词替代;定语从句由关系代词that引导,关系代词that在从句中充当一定的成分,作宾语时可省略,由when, why, where引导的 同位语从句和定语从句的区别在于: 同位语从句由连接副词只起连接作用,没有指代作用; 定语从句由关系副词引导,关系副词具有指代先行词的作用,常用一个介词加关系代词替换。例如:I will never forget the day when we first met. (同位语从句, when为连接词) That is the special day (which/that) I will never forget. (定语从句,which/that为关系副词) This is the house where we lived fifteen years ago. (同位语从句, where为连接词) This is the house which we sold fifteen years ago. (定语从句,where为关系副词)
同位语高考考点聚焦
同位语是必学的内容。但教材及练习所涉及的范围有限,多半集中在同位语从句上,或者侧重于如何区别于定语从句上,其余的大都被忽略了。因此当近几年高考题出现多种形式的同位语时,不少考生叫难。这表明同位语的教学目前或多或少还是一个被遗忘的角落。在这里我们从以下几个方面进行讲解:
定义:一个名词或代词后面有时可以跟一个名词(或起类似作用的其他形式),对前者进一步说明它指的是谁,什么等,那么这一部分就叫做同位语。同位语与被它补充说明的词的格要一致,并常常紧挨在一起。
一、单词作同位语:
This is my friend Harry.
We both come from Hunan.
We Chinese are brave and hardworking.
You three take these seats.
二、短语作同位语:
(1) 使用不定式作同位语。如:
He says that Computertown UK was formed for just the opposite reason, to bring computers to people and make them “people-literate”.
(2) 使用介词短语作同位语。如:
Wang Li, just back from the training class, was made director of the Maternity Home.
(3) 有时可用形容词作同位语,作用接近定语,但放在所同位名词的后面,且有逗号把它们分开。如:
People, old and young, took to the streets to watch the parade.
三、从句作同位语:
同位语从句是一种在平常的学习中经常出现的从句形式,我们应从以下三点掌握并予以运用:
(1) 什么是同位语从句
某些名词后面,可以跟that或连接代词(副词)引起的从句作同位语,说明其内容时,该从句就称为同位语从句。
(2)同位语从句的先行词有:idea, fact, news,hope, belief, thought, doubt, promise, truth, agreement, decision等。如:
I have no idea that you were here.
The news that our team has won the match is true.
注意:有时这种同位语不紧跟在它说明的名词后面。如:
The order soon came that all the soldiers should go to the front.
(3) 区别同位语从句和定语从句
从意义上讲,前者对名词加以补充说明,而后者对名词进行修饰和限定。
从结构上讲,前者由连接词引导,后者由关系代词引导。
从内涵上讲,前者所说明的名词与从句没有逻辑关系,后者所限定的名词是从句逻辑上的主语、宾语、表语等。
引导同位语从句的连词不可省略,而引导定语从句的关系代词作宾语时常可省略。
同位语从句说明的名词大都是抽象名词,而定语从句所修饰、限定的名词则没有限制。
试比较:
The news that he was married is not true. (同位语从句。that在从句中不作任何成分,和从句没有逻辑关系)
The news that you told me yesterday is true. (定语从句。that 在句中作宾语,可以省略)
【考例1】 Some researchers believe that there is no doubt________ a cure for AIDS will be found. ( 2005广东)
A. which B. that
C. what D. whether
解析:答案B。 在“there is no doubt”后常跟that引导的同位语从句,表示“毫无疑问”之意。
【考例2】 A warm thought suddenly came to me
________ I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother's birthday. (2006安徽)
A. if B. when
C. that D.which
解析:答案C。that 引导同位语从句,来进一步解释说明thought。
【考例3】 Nobody believed his reason for being absent from the class ________ he had to meet his uncle at the airport. (2006重庆)
A. why B. that
C. where D. because
解析:答案B。that 引导同位语从句,进一步解释reason。句意为:没有人相信他不来上课的原因——他必须到机场去接他的叔叔。
帮讲解下同位语从句 希望例句复杂些吗
同位语从句属于名词性从句,大多由从属连词that引导,常常跟在fact,
idea,
opinion,
news,
hope,
belief等名词后面。同位语从句一般用来解释或说明这些名词的具体含义或内容,在逻辑上表现为同位关系。例如:
They
are
familiar
with
the
opinion
that
all
matter
consists
of
atoms.他们很熟悉这一观点,所有的物质都是由原子构成的。
1、从先行词来看
同位语从句与名词之间在逻辑上是"主语+be+表语"的关系。该名词是需要做特殊说明的抽象名词。例如:
They
were
delighted
at
the
news
that
their
team
had
won.当听到他们的球队赢了的消息时,他们欣喜若狂。
2、从引导词来看
引导词that在同位语从句中是连词,只起连接作用,无具体词义,that不可省略;that在定语从句中是关系代词,它在从句中充当一定成分---主语或宾语,有具体词意,作宾语时还可以省略。试比较:
The
factory(that)we
visited
yesterday
is
a
chemical
one.我们昨天参观的那家工厂是化工厂。(that在从句中作宾语,所以此句是宾语从句)
The
news
that
he
will
leave
for
Shanghai
is
true.他将要去上海的消息是真的。(that只起连接从句的作用,所以此句是同谓语从句)
仔细看下,还是不难的
如何判断同位语从句
同位语从句指的是从句在复合句中作同位语,它是同位语的一种表现形式。这种作同位语的从句看起来似乎并不复杂,但在阅读和翻译中,如果我们缺少对它的分析,就有可能造成误解。现将这种从句分析如下: ��A.同位语从句的实质 ��从句作同位语表示与之同位的名词(短语)的实际内容,它的作用相当于名词,对前面的名词(短语)加以补充说明或进一步解释,相当于一个表语从句,它们之间的关系是同位关系,即主表关系。如果用变通的办法,把名词(短语)和"主语+be+表语"结构联系起来,就可以看出这种同位关系。试比较:
We all know the theory that matter is made up of atoms and molecules.�(=We all�know the theory, and the theory is that matter is made up of atoms and molecules.)��我们大家都知道物质是由原子和分子构成的这一理论。 ��The suggestion that we should develop the natural resources in the region has been discussed.(=The suggestion is that we should develop the natural resources in the region, and the suggestion has been discussed.)关于我们应该开发本地区资源的建议已经讨论过了。
The problem whether natural rubber is a polymer with linear chain molecules has been solved.(=The problem is whether natural rubber is a polymer with linear chain molecules, and the problem has been solved.)天然橡胶是否是线型链状分子的聚合物,这个问题已经解决了。
I have no idea when she will be back.(=I have to idea, and the idea is when she
will be back.)我不知道她什么时候会回来。 ��B.引导同位语从句的连接词
��引导同位语从句的连接词最常见的是that。that是一个纯引导词(pure introductory word),在同位语从句中常可省去,尤其是在口头语中。例如:
��I had the impression (that)your government was undecided about assisting us. 我的印象是,你们政府还没有决定援助我们。
��"Billing and cooing! That's the way (that) you think of it! That's the way (that) you talk of it!
�� As though it were something you had to do.""谈情说爱!这是你的想法!这是你的说法!仿佛这是你的义务似的"。
��连接词when, where, why, whether, how 等也可引导同位语从句,这些连接词除有连接主句和同位语的语法功能外,还有一定的"疑问"意义。例如:
��He has solved the question why he is ill. 他已经解决了他为什么生病的问题。
��Have you any idea how fast sound travels? 你知道声音传播有多快吗?
��连词but that 也可引导同位语从句,人它通常出现在"否定词+doubt (deny, question)等名词"结构之后。这时,but 无否定含义,仅起强调作用,常可省去;有时也可省去that而保留but。例如:
��There is no question (but) that the four modernizations will be realized in China by�the end of the century. 中国在本世纪内实现四个现代化,这是没有问题的。
��There is no doubt but (that) we will succeed in designing the project.毫无疑问,我们能把这项工程设计出来。 �� C.同位语从句的先行词
��同位语从句的先行词通常是抽象名词,常见的有:idea, situation thought, fact, evidence,�belief, doubt, fear, hope, question, theory, news, order, ability等等。例如:
��Wives lived in fear that their husbands might be killed. 妻子们担心丈夫会战死, ��提心吊胆地过日子。
��How did the cheats explain the fact that the Emperor didn't feel the new clothes in him? 皇帝觉得身上并没有穿上新衣,对这个问题骗子是怎样解释的? ��Is there any reason that he chose that honest old prime minister to go and find out? 他挑选那位诚实的老宰相去了解真相,有什么缘故吗? ��代词it可用作同位语从句的先行词。这个it常放在某些动词或短语动词后作宾语,同时兼作其后that同位语从句的先行词。例如: ��We take it that you will act according to the final agreement. 我们认为你方是会按照最后协议行事的。 ��In measuring electromotive force with a voltmeter, we should see to it that the
voltmeter is placed in parallel with the electric source. 用伏特计测量电动势时,
��务必使伏特计与电源并联。 ��I owe it to you that I am still alive. 幸亏你,我现在还活着。
��有的语法学家把先行词it后的that从句看作是动词或介词的真正宾语。我们认为,这种it后的that 从句应看作it的同位语,因为它相当于"主语+be+表语"结构。试比较:
You must se to it that the children don't catch cold.(=You must see to it, and i
t is that the children don't catch cold.)你要当心,别让孩子们着凉了。
��D."复合介词+the fact+that从句"结构从总体来看,这种结构属介词短语。如果分开来理解,其中的the fact 用作复合介词的宾语,同时兼作其后that从句的先行词,that从句为同位语从句。例如: ��It is chiefly due to the fact that the sun gets higher in the sky in summer and
shines more directly down on that part of the earth.
这主要是由于夏天太阳在空中的位置较高,同时更加直接地照射着地球的那一部分。 ��We must never overlook our small weak points because of the fact that we have ma
��de big achievements. 我们不可因为有了大的成绩就忽视小的缺点。
��Owing to the fact that I had lost his address, I didn't know where I could find
��him.由于我把他的地址遗失了,所以我不知到哪里去找他。
��这种结构中的复合介词很多,常见的有:due to, by dint of, by virtue of, because of, on� account of, in view of,等等。 ��E.同位语从句与先行词之间的分隔同位语从句一般都紧跟在与其同位的名词(即先行词)之后,但当先行词作句子的主语,其谓语较短,同位语较长时,同位语从句常与同位名词(短语)分隔。例如:
��In the first half of the last century the discovery was made that a magnet could ��be used to get an electric current. 上个世纪的前半期,发现可用磁铁产生电流。
��The boy bore up well when the news came that his father had been killed. 当消息
传来,说他父亲牺牲时,这孩子表现得很坚强。
��The theory is of great importance that the hotter a body is, the more energy it
��radiates. 物体的温度愈高,放射的能量愈多,这一理论非常重要。
��当前一同位成分的名词中心词(即先行词)有后置修饰语(如短语或定语从句等)时,同位语从
句常可能远离其先行词。例如:
��For example, we know that the statement commonly accepted when the first edition
of this book was printed, that life was altogether absent in the deeper parts of the sea, is not true. 例如,在海洋深处完全没有生命这一说法,在本书第一版付印时
是人们所公认的,但现在我们知道这并不正确。
��An indistinct idea he had, that the child was desolate and in want of help.他心
��里有一种模糊的概念,就是这孩子是无人照顾的,需要帮助
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