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英语动词不定式
动词不定式
1 不定式作宾语
1) 动词+ 不定式
afford aim appear agree arrange ask be decide bother care choose come dare demand desire determine expect elect endeavor hope fail happen help hesitate learn long mean manage offer ought plan prepare pretend promise refuse seem tend wait wish undertake
举例：
The driver failed to see the other car in time.
司机没能及时看见另一辆车。
I happen to know the answer to your question.
我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。
2）动词+不定式 ； 动词+宾语+不定式
ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish…
I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。
I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢你年使每件东西都保持整洁。
I want to speak to Tom. 我想和汤姆谈话。
I want you to speak to Tom. 我想让你和汤姆谈话。
3） 动词+疑问词+ to
decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell
Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。
There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。
注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时，谓语动词用单数。
The question is how to put it into practice.
问题是怎样把它付诸实施。
2 不定式作补语
1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do)
advise allow appoint believe cause challenge command compel consider declare drive enable encourage find forbid force guess hire imagine impel induce inform instruct invite judge know like order permit persuade remind report request require select send state suppose tell think train trust understand urge warn
例句：
a. Father will not allow us to play on the street.
父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。
b. We believe him to be guilty.
我们相信他是有罪的。
Find 的特殊用法：
Find 后可用分词做宾补，或先加形式宾语，再加形容词，最后加带to 的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get，have。
I found him lying on the ground.
I found it important to learn.
I found that to learn English is important.
典型例题:
The next morning she found the man ___ in bed，dead.
A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying
答案：A.find的宾语后面，用分词或分词短语，起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表达主动，也表达正在进行，过去分词表达被动。
2) to + be 的不定式结构，作补语的动词。
Acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(声称), discover, fancy(设想), feel find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以为), understand
We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.
我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。
典型例题
Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer.
A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented
答案：A. 由consider to do sth. 排除B、D。. 此句只说明发明这一个事实，不定式后用原形即可。而C为现在完成时，发明为点动词一般不用完成时，且此处也不强调对现在的影响，因此不选C。
3) to be +形容词
Seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean…
The book is believed to be uninteresting.
人们认为这本书没什么意思。
4) there be+不定式
believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand
We didn't expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。
注意 ： 有些动词需用as 短语做补语，如regard, think believe, take, consider.
We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。
Mary took him as her father . 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。
3 不定式主语
1） It's easy (for me) to do that.我做这事太容易了
easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better;
the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough
It's so nice to hear your voice.
听到你的声音真高兴。
It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.
当你不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的。
2) It's very kind of you to help us. 他帮助我们，他真好。
Kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考虑周到的), silly, selfish(自私的)
例句:
It was silly of us to believe him. 我们真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。
It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。
注意：1) 其他系动词如，look，appear等也可用于此句型
2) 不定式作为句子成分时，动词用单数形式。
3) 当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用It is… to…的句型
(对)To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。
(错)It is to believe to see.
4 It's for sb.和 It's of sb.
1）for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等：
It's very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。
2）of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。
It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我，你真是太好了。
for 与of 的辨别方法：
用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of，不通则用for。如：
You are nice. (通顺，所以应用of)。
He is hard. (人是困难的，不通，因此应用for。)
5 不定式作表语
不定式可放在be动词后面，形成表语。例如：
My work is to clean the room every day.
His dream is to be a doctor.
.6 不定式作定语
不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后。例如：
I have a lot of work to do.
So he made some candles to give light
.7 不定式作状语
1）目的状语
To… only to (仅仅为了), in order to, so as to, so(such)… as to… (如此……以便……)
He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。
I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我来仅仅是向你告别。
2）作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。
What have I said to make you angry.
He searched the room only to find nothing.
3) 表原因
I'm glad to see you.
典型例题
The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___.
A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on
答案：B. 如果不定式为不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时，常位于"形容词+动词不定式"结构的末尾。
8 用作介词的to
to 有两种用法： 一为不定式+动词原形； 一为介词+名词/动名词, to 在下面的用法中是第二种，即to+ 名词/动名词：
admit to承认， confess to承认，
be accustomed to 习惯于， be used to 习惯于， stick to 坚持， turn to开始，着手于， devote oneself to 献身于， be devoted to 致力于， look forward to 盼望， pay attention to 注意
9 省to 的动词不定式
1） 情态动词 ( 除ought 外，ought to)：
2） 使役动词 let, have, make：
3） 感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补，省略to。
注意：在被动语态中则to 不能省掉。
I saw him dance.
=He was seen to dance.
The boss made them work the whole night.
=They were made to work the whole night.
4） would rather，had better：
5） Why… / why not…：
6） help 可带to，也可不带to, help sb (to) do sth：
7） but和except：but前是动词do时，后面出现的动词用不带to的动词不定式。
8） 由and, or和than连接的两个不定式，第二个to 可以省去：
9） 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等词后，可以省去to be：
He is supposed (to be) nice. 他应该是个好人。
举例：
He wants to move to France and marry the girl.
He wants to do nothing but go out.
比较： He wants to do nothing but go out.
He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.
典型例题
1) ---- I usually go there by train.
---- Why not ___ by boat for a change?
A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going
答案：D. why not 后面接不带to 的不定式，因此选D。
2） Paul doesn't have to be made ___. He always works hard.
A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning
答案：B. make后接不带to 的动词不定式，当其用于被动时，to 不可省略。
10 动词不定式的否定式
Tell him not to shut the window…
She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候，她假装没看见。
典型例题
1）Tell him ___ the window.
A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut
D. not shut
答案：B。 tell sb to do sth 的否定形式为tell sb not to do sth.
2) She pretended ___ me when I passed by.
A. not to see B. not seeing C. to not see
D. having not seen
答案：A。 pretend 后应接不定式。其否定形式为pretend not to do sth.。
3）Mrs. Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking.
A. never to drive B. to never driver
C. never driving D. never drive
答案：A。warn sb to do sth. 的否定形式为warn sb not to do sth. 此处用的是否定词never.
4) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him ____.
A. not to B. not to do C. not do it
D. do not to
答案：A。not to 为not to do it 的省略形式。可以只用to这个词，而不必重复整个不定式词组。及物动词do后应有名词、代词等，否则不对，因此B，D不对。
5) The patient was warned ___ oily food after the operation.
A. to eat no B. eating not C. not to eat
D. not eating
答案：C。warn一词要求后用不定式，此处为不定式的被动，否定形式为be warned not to do。
11 不定式的特殊句型too…to…
1）too…to 太…以至于…
He is too excited to speak.
他太激动了，说不出话来。
---- Can I help you ? 需要我帮忙吗?
---- Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same. 不用了。这箱子太重，恐怕你搬不动。谢谢您。
2) 如在too前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达肯定， too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义，意 为"不太"。
It's never too late to mend. (谚语)
改过不嫌晚。
3) 当too 前面有only, all, but时，意思是：非常… 等于very。
I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 我非常高兴能帮助你。
He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。
12 不定式的特殊句型so as to
1） 表示目的；它的否定式是so as not to do。
Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.
汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。
Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.
轻点进去，别惊醒了婴儿。
2) so kind as to ---劳驾
Would you be so kind as to tell me the time?
劳驾，现在几点了。
13 不定式的特殊句型Why not
"Why not +动词原形"表达向某人提出建议，翻译为："为什么不……?" "干吗不……?"
例如：
Why not take a holiday?
干吗不去度假?
14 不定式的时态和语态
时态\语态 主动 被动
一般式 to do to be done
进行式 to be doing
完成式 to have done to have been done
完成进行式 to have been doing
1) 现在时：一般现在时表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。
He seems to know this.
I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again. 我希望再见到你。
2) 完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.
He seems to have caught a cold.
3) 进行时： 表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。
He seems to be eating something.
4) 完成进行时：
She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.
(1)语态
如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者，不定式一般要用被动语态形式。如：
It's a great honour to be invited to Mary's birthday party.（不定式作主语）
It was impossible for lost time to be made up.（不定式作主语）
I wish to be sent to work in the country.（不定式作宾语）
Can you tell me which is the car to be repaired?（不定式作定语）
He went to the hospital to be examined.（不定式作状语）
在There be结构中，修饰主语的不定式可用被动，也可用主动。如：There are still many things to t ake care of (to be taken care of).但有时两种形式表达的意思不同，如：These is nothing to do now.( We have nothing to do now.) There is nothing to be done now.(We can do nothing now.)
再例如：
The problem isn't easy to work out. 不定式作宾语
The building to be built here next month will be a supermarket.不定式作定语
Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains to be seen whether they will enjoy it.不定式作宾语
15 动名词与不定式
1） 动名词与不定式的区别：
动名词表达的是： 状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的
不定式表达的是： 目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的
2） 接不定式或动名词，意义相同。
3） 动名词与不定式语义不同的有11 组：
1 stop to do stop doing
2 forget to do forget doing
3 remember to do remember doing
4 regret to do regret doing
5 cease to do cease doing
6 try to do try doing
7 go on to do go on doing
8 afraid to do afraid doing
9 interested to do interested doing
10 mean to do mean doing
11 begin/ start to do begin/ start doing
16.动词不定式做宾补主被动区别
如果动词不定式做宾补，那就要看不定式与宾语之间的关系，是主动的就用主动语态，是被动就用被动语态。
如，I tell him to call you.我让他给你打电话。这里的不定式to call，就是宾语him的补语，用的是主动，因为是他 打电话，主动关系。
再如，I thought my debt to be repaid.我以为我的债务还上了。这句中的to be repaid 是个被动语态，因为它与宾语debt（债务）的关系是被动的，债务被还上。
以上说的是动词不定式做宾补中的主动与被动，做定语时的情况大同小异，以上明白了，你就可以举一反三了。
什么时候用不定式的被动语态
to do是不定式主动式，to be done 是不定式被动式。to do 与to be done分别在什么时候使用，如下：
一、 如果能在句中找出动词不定式的执行者,该不定式则用主动式。如:
He wants to repair his car. 他想(自己)修车。
He wants me to repair his car.他想让我给他修车。
以上两句中的动词不定式to repair分别有逻辑主语he和me,因此不定式用主动式。
二、 如果句中没有明显的不定式的逻辑主语,但是在不定式的前面均可以加上一个for sb. , 这时不定式可用主动式。如:
These English lessons are the easiest to follow. 这些英语课很容易听懂。Those programmes are usually easy to receive and not difficult to understand. 这些节目通常容易收到,而且不难听懂。
在上面两句中,虽然不定式没有明显的逻辑主语,但我们可以在不定式前加上一个for sb. ,这样就可以使不定式有了一个逻辑主语sb.,因此不定式可用主动式。
三、如果句子中既没有不定式的逻辑主语,也不可以加上一个for sb. , 这时不定式应用被动式。如:
I need the house to be repaired. 我需要(让人)把房子修一下。
He wants the car to be painted. 他想(让人)把车油漆一下。
这两句中, I和he并非不定式的执行者,也不可插入一个for sb. , 因此不定式用被动语态。
四、 如果句子的主语或宾语,可以作不定式的逻辑宾语时,不定式用被动语态。如:
I expected to be taken to Beijing when I was a child. 我小时候期望着被带着去北京。
I don't want the secret to be let out. 我不想让此秘密泄露出去。
五、当动词不定式作表语形容词的状语,又和句子的主语构成动宾关系时,其主动语态表示被动含义。如:
The question is not difficult to answer. 这个问题不难回答。
The girl is very easy to get along with. 这个女孩很容易相处。
六、在there be结构中,用来形容主语的不定式,可用主动形式也可用被动形式。如:
There is a lot of work to do (to be done). 有很多工作要做。
There is no time to lose (to be lost). 时间紧迫,不能耽误了。
七、在have句型中,既可用不定式的主动式也可用不定式的被动式。如果句子的主语是不定式的执行者,该不定式就用主动式;如果句子主语不是该不定式的执行者,而是用以说明宾语所处的状态,此不定式就用被动式。如:
I have some letters to post today.今天我有几封信要寄。
I have some letters to be posted today. 今天我有几封待寄出去的信。(to be posted说明宾语some letters所处的状态)
被动语态和动词不定式的被动语态
不定式的逻辑主语通常是句子的主语,如果不定式有自己的逻辑主语,它通常由for或of引起.
动词不定式的一般式表示它与谓语动词同时或之后发生；其完成式则表示发生在谓语动词之前的动作.但要注意动词：plan, expect, intend, wish, mean, want, suppose, would (should)like等后面的不定式完成式则表示原打算要做而最终未做成的事情.
当不定式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者时,这个不定式要用被动式,包括它的一般式和完成式
动词make, let, hear, watch, see, feel, help等后面做宾语补足语的不定时一般不带to,如：
The strange thing made me feel thirsty. 这个奇怪的东西是我感到口渴.
I heard her move about in her room upstairs last night.
昨晚我听到他在楼上房间里走来走去.
Did you see Jack take away the magazine? 你看到Jack拿走了那本杂志了吗?
当以上所列的谓语动词改为被动语态时,后面的不定式需带to.如：
He was heard to move about in her room upstairs last night.
昨晚听到他在她的房间里走来走去.
Was Jack seen to take away the magazine? 诱人看到 Jack拿走了那本杂志了吗?
（let, feel和少用于被动语态）
被动语态和动词不定式的被动语态
不定式用主动形式还是被动形式，往往取决于句子的意思，即意思上为主动就用主动形式，意思上为被动就用被动形式，如：
Did it need to be done so soon? 这事需要这么快就做吗?
She can’t bear to be laughed at. 她受不了被人嘲笑。
There was business to be taken care of. 有生意要人管理。
It remains to be seen whether you are right. 你是否正确，以后见分晓。
There was a lot of rubbish to be got rid of. 有大量垃圾需要扔掉。
不定式完成被动式的用法：
不定式的完成被动式表示发生在谓语动作之前的被动动作：
I’m pleased to have been given this opportunity. 给了我这次机会我很高兴。
It’s said to have been built in the Ming dynasty. 据说它是明朝修建的。
扩展资料：
在英语中不定式最常用于质词"to"之后， 例如在 "to walk", "to cry", "to eat", "to fear".这种用法叫做to-infinitive。莎士比亚在著作哈姆雷特的独白时就大量采用了这类不定式动词。
To be or not to be ...
To sleep, perchance to dream ...
经常跟在to后形成不定式的动词包括:
例如:
I arranged to stay the night. ("我已安定好今晚留在这里。")
We intend to go skiing this weekend. ("我们打算这个周末去滑雪。")
I swear to honour you. ("我发誓为你增光。")
这些有宾词，然后加上有to的不定式的动词包括 (连同以上带有星号的动词): advise, allow, challenge, command, compel, condemn, enable, encourage, expect, forbid, force, help, induce, inspire, instruct, invite, oblige, order, permit, persuade, prefer, program, remind, teach, tell, train, urge, warn.
有些动词之后加 for + 宾词 + to-然后不定式. 通常这些动词包含渴望的意思，不能单单在后面加上宾词和不定式 (though an infinitive alone may work). 这些动词包括 apply, arrange, ask, call, clamour, long, opt, plead, press, vote, wait, wish, yearn.
例如:
I have arranged for the neighbour to water the plants. （“我已安排好邻居给植物给水。”）
I pleaded for him to accompany me to the theatre. （“我恳求他陪我去看戏。”）
参考资料来源：百度百科-动词不定式
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