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高中英语五种基本句型详解
英语五种基本句型结构
上了高中,英语成绩直线下降?觉得知识学得很散?面对高考这场硬仗,还不知道从哪头抓起?如果你中了其中一条,建议读完本文,先来恶补一下英语五种基本句型结构吧!
英语里,通过词/短语地“有机”组合,形成了句子,大家知道的“主谓宾表定状补”这七个句子成分能够神奇的创造出五种基本句型结构及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型,是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。小编将逐一土话道出。
Number1:“主系表”结构
The dinner smells good.这顿饭闻起来很香!
这是典型的“主系表”结构。
首先,谓语“smell”(闻)表达的意思不是相对完整,需要在其后添个“good”(好),来将意思表达的更清晰、完整,其实这个“good”是系动词;这个“good”是表语,且是这个句子的“复合谓语”。
知识拓展一:复合谓语,通常根据谓语在句子中的复杂程度,分为简单谓语和复合谓语。复合谓语的两种情况:第一种情态动词、助动词+不带to的动词不定式构成的复合谓语。例如:What does this word mean?I won’t do it again.I’ll go and move away the bag of rice with Lin Tao.You’d better catch a bus.第二种就是本篇文章中第一个句子结构——“主系表”结构中包含的“复合谓语”,即,由系动词+表语构成。
知识拓展二:常考系动词有这些,背下来,通常所在的简单句,都是“主系表”结构:
be(是)
become(成为)
get(变成)
remain(还是)
seem(似乎是)
look(看上去)
feel(感觉)
appear(出现、显现)
sound(听起来)
feel(摸起来)
taste(尝起来)
smell(闻起来)
grow(渐渐变得)
turn(变成)
Number2:主谓结构(“谓语”是不及物动词)
例:The man cooks.男人做饭。这类句子结构的共同点:谓语动词能够表达完整的意思,不需要再添加额外的宾语。这类动词被称为不及物动词,后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等等。
知识拓展一:“不及物动词”
不及物动词,本身意义是完整的,其后不必接宾语。
如果需要在不及物动词后面添加宾语,必须先在其后添加上某个介词,如“to、of、at”,再在其后添加宾语。但是!这个不及物动词后面添加哪个介词,需要大家提前储备些动词短语了。最常见的不及物动词有这些:
work
sing
swim
fish
jump
arrive
come
die
disappear
cry
happen
知识拓展二:如何巧妙判断这个动词是不是“不及物动词”
词典里词后标有vi(全称 intransitive verb)的就是不及物动词;词典里词后标有vt(全称 transitive verb)的就是及物动词。
知识拓展三:不及物动词,没有被动语态
Number3:主谓宾结构(谓语是“及物动词”)
He likes watching TV. 他喜欢看电视。
这类句子结构的共同点:谓语动词有实际的意义,是主语发出的动作,但是并不能表达出完整的意思,后面必须接一个宾语,也就是主语发出动作的承受者,才能让整个句子的语义表达清楚、完整。(这个谓语,就是咱说的“及物动词”。)
Number4:主谓宾宾(谓语是“及物动词”、第一个宾语是“间接宾语”、第二个宾语是“直接宾语”)
She brought you a picture.她给你带来了一张照片。这类句子结构的共同点:谓语动词后面一定要配备两个宾语才能将句意表达的相对完整。
知识拓展一:这个动词谓之“双宾语动词”表达出相对完整的意思,并且这个谓语动词后的第一个宾语“you”是动作的直接承受者;第二个宾语“a picture”是动作的间接承受者,一般指人的宾语是间接宾语,指物的宾语是直接宾语。
Number5:主谓宾宾补(谓语是“及物动词”)
They called her Iris.他们叫他Iris。这类句子结构的共同点:谓语动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语“her”还不能将意思表达的完整,必须在句子后面加上一个补充成分“Iris”来补足宾语,才能让别人明白你在说啥。
知识拓展一:宾语补足语的作用是说明宾语的动作或者状态,宾语和它的补足语共同构成复合宾语。宾语补足语可以由名词、动词不定式、形容词、副词和介词短语充当。
知识拓展二:英语里的“使役动词”,就是表示“使、令、让、帮、叫”等意义的词,常考的有这些
有leave(离开)
get(得到)
keep(保持)
make(使,令)
let(让)
help(帮助)
have(有;让;从事;允许;拿)
知识拓展三:在使役动词make、let、have等引起的复合宾语中,若宾语补足语是动词不定式,则需要省去不定式的符号to。
英语各种时态的概念和句型结构
巧用英语时态表,掌握英语谓语形式
一、英语时态名称的记忆
时态
过去
现在
将来
过去将来
一般
一般过去时
一般现在时
一般将来时
一般过去将来时
进行
过去进行时
现在进行时
将来进行时
(略)
完成
过去完成时
现在完成时
将来完成时
(略)
二、英语时态形式的记忆:(以动词work为例)
时态
过去
现在
将来
过去将来
一般
worked
work works
shall/will work
should/would work
进行
was/were working
am/is/are working
shall/will
be working
(略)
完成
had worked
have/has worked
shall/will
have worked
(略)
可以分两个步骤记忆:
1、一般现在时: work(当主语是第三人称单数时,谓语动词也要用第三人称单数形式。)
现在进行时: be + working (be随主语人称和数的变化而变化。)
现在完成时: have + worked (have随主语人称和数的变化而变化,worked是work的过去分词。)
这三种基本时态形式位于时态表的中心位置,是必须首先记住的。其它形式可推导而出。
2、记住了上面三种时态的形式后,可以设想把时间提前至过去,这三种时态的形式就相应地左移一格成为一般过去时:worked (worked是work的过去式);过去进行时was / were + working;过去完成时had + worked (worked是work的过去分词)。
把时间错后至将来,这三种时态的形式也就相应地右移一格成为
一般将来时: shall / will + work;
将来进行时: shall / will + be working;
将来完成时: shall / will + have worked。(shall仅用于主语是第一人称时,will可用于主语是任何人称时。)当然,根据shall / will 的用法要求,紧随其后的动词或助动词要用原形形式。
简而言之,把这三种现在时态形式左移变成三种过去时态形式,只需把第一个动词变成过去式即可(一般现在时谓语只有一个动词,也可把它看成为第一个动词)。与此类似,过去将来时的变化是在一般将来时的基础上把第一个动词变成过去式。把这三种现在时态形式右移变成三种将来时态形式,只需在前面加一助动词shall / will (紧随其后的动词或助动词用原形形式)即可。
三、英语被动语态形式的记忆(以动词ask为例)
时态
过去
现在
将来
过去将来
一般
was/were asked
am/is/are asked
shall/will be asked
should/would
be asked
进行
was/were
being asked
am/is/are
being asked
完成
had been asked
have/has
been asked
英语动词的被动语态是由助动词be加及物动词的过去分词构成。助动词be同系动词be一样有人称、数和时态的变化。英语动词在既有被动语态变化又有时态变化时,一定要先变被动语态再变时态,它的时态变化就是将助动词be再作各种时态形式的变化。主张先理解记忆现在的三种被动语态的时态形式,再以同样方法推导出被动语态其它的时态形式。
四、结合英语时态表掌握句子的否定式、一般疑问式的变化规律
句子的否定式、一般疑问式也是每册初中教材学习时态时的必讲内容。而实际上这个问题非常简单,完全可以结合英语时态表中谓语的特征来完成。
变化方面
谓语物征
否定句变化
一般疑问句变化
谓语只有一个动词
( be除外)
根据主语人称、数和谓语时态的要求,在谓语动词前加don't, doesn't, didn't 后面的动词使用原形。
根据主语人称、数和谓语时态的要求,在句首加Do, Does, Did,其后面的动词使用原形。更改句首大小写和句尾标点符号。
谓语有两个或两个以上动词
在谓语的第一个动词后面加not.
把谓语的第一个动词提前至句首,更改首大、小写和句尾标点符号。
注:1、There be ...句型和以be为系动词的主系表句型,适用于第二种谓语特征的变化方式。
2、谓语是情态动词(have to的疑问式例外) + 动词原形,也适用于第二种谓语特征的变化方式。
3、为便于记忆,不妨称此法为谓语特征分析法。
五、谓语特征分析法在特殊疑问句、反意疑问句中的运用
由于特殊疑问句的句子结构是特殊疑问词或词组 + 一般疑问句语序,故除对主语提问的特殊疑问句外,都可按一般疑问句变化规律用谓语特征分析法快速确定谓语形式。
反意疑问句是由陈述句 + 反问部分构成。反意疑问句的反问部分虽说情况比较复杂,但仅就基础内容而言,情况还是较为简单,要求也较低。故基础内容中反意疑问句的反问部分基本上仍可用谓语特征分析法快速确定反问部分中该用的动词,那就是:前面的陈述句如果变成一般疑问句是用什么动词开头,后面的反问部分就用什么动词反问。
六、一般疑问句和反意疑问句的简略回答
用谓语特征分析法掌握了一般疑问句和反意疑问句中谓语的构成方法后,它们的简略回答就更容易了。那就是用什么词开头的一般疑问句就用什么词来回答(或同属be系列的单词:am, is, are, was, were)。反意疑问句的反问部分用什么词开头,也就用什么词来回答(或同属be系列的单词)。例如:
1. -Are you a worker?
-Yes, I am. / No, I'm not.
2. -Does he like Chinese tea?
-Yes, he does. / No, he doesn't.
3. -Have you finished the novel?
-Yes, I have. / No, I haven't.
4. -He is a bus driver, isn't he?
-Yes, he is. / No, he isn't.
5. -Tom came to school late this morning, didn't he?
-Yes, he did. / No, he didn't.
6. -Lily hasn't lost her watch, has she?
-Yes, she has. / No, she hasn't.
用情态动词(can, may, must)开头的一般疑问句,在作否定回答时选择合适的情态动词较为困难。我们可以用右栏图示轻松地记忆掌握。
先按下列单词及它们的否定式的第一、第二个字母在字母表中的顺序排列,再加上谁回答谁的替换符号便容易记忆了。(注意must代替may, need代替must, 这种后代前的关系以及can除了可回答自己外,还可回过去来回答may的特点。)
1. -Can you drive a truck?
-No, I can't.
2. -May I go now?
-No, you can't. / No, you mustn't.
3. -Must you go so soon?
-No, I needn't.
4. -Need we buy any new desks?
-No, we needn't. (Yes, we must.)
注意:肯定回答必须用must。
七、谓语特征分析法在其它句型中的运用
研究下面几组对话,不难发现:答语中谓语动词的选用也是和如将其上句变成一般疑问句后句首第一个单词相一致的(或同属be, do, have系的单词)。
1. -It's warmer today.
-So it is.
2. -John bought a new bike.
-So he did.
3. -I like walking in the open air.
-So do I.
4. -He works hard.
-So he does, and so do you.
5. -Lucy has been to England twice.
-So she has.
6. -Lucy can ride a bike at the age of four.
-So she can.
十六种时态的谓语形势
一般时态
进行时态
完成时态
完成进行时态
现在
do/does
am/is/are doing
have/has done
have/has been doing
过去
did
was/were doing
had done
had been doing
将来
shall/will do
shall/will be doing
shall/will have done
shall/will have been doing
过去将来
should/would do
should/would be doing
should/would have done
should/would have been doing
八种时态介绍:
一 一般现在时态:表示现在经常发生或习惯性的动作。时间状语: every …, sometimes, always, never, often, usually等。
1 由be的is am are表示,之后接名词,形容词或介词。
陈述句:I am an office worker. He is so lazy. They are at home now.
否定句: I am not Tim. She is not very beauiful. They are not in the office.
一般疑问句:Are you an office assistant? Is she beautiful?
特殊疑问句:What is your job? What colour is your bag?Where are you now?
2 由实意动词V构成,引导疑问句和否定句,用do或don’t。第三人称时用does或doesn’t,有does出现动词用原形;第三人称陈述句V后加s或es.
陈述句:I work in Shanghai. He works at home.Davy never watches TV at home.
否定句: I don’t like the food in KFC. Davy doesn’t like the food in KFC either.
一般疑问句: Do you want a cup of coffee? Does she live near the subway station?
特殊疑问句:What do you want? Where does she live? How do they go to work?
3 由情态动词can, must, may构成。may没有否定形式。
陈述句: I can drive a car. He must tell the truth. We may get there on foot.
否定句:I can’t swim at all. You mustn’t(表示禁止) smoke in the office.
一般疑问句: Can you wait a minute? Must I stay at home? May I use your phone?
特殊疑问句: How can I get there? What must I do now?
二 一般过去时态。在过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。
时间状语有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago,the day before yesterday,in 1997。
1由 be的过去式是 was或 were表示。Is\ am---was;are---were.
陈述句:I was a big boss.He was beautiful. We were in Beijing last year.
否定句: I was not at home at that moment. We were not at work yesterday.
一般疑问句: Were you a teacher? Was she in the office last week?
特殊疑问句:Where were you last night? When were you in that company?
2 由V的过去式构成陈述句,疑问句和否定句用借助于did,有did出现动词用原形。
陈述句:I worked in Sunmoon.We studied English there. He lived in HongKong.
否定句: I didn’t work here. They didn’t see me. She liked English a lot.
一般疑问句: Did you go to America? Did he work in Sunmoon?
特殊疑问句:Where did you work? What did he say to you? How did you know my name?
3 由情态动词的过去式构成,can—could.
She could walk when she was one year old. I could not speak English one year ago.
三 一般将来时态:即将发生动作或状态。时间状语有:tomorrow,next year,the month after next,in two hours.
1 任何人称+will+动词原形.
I will fly to KongKong tomorrow. He will go with us. We will arrive in Shanghai next week.
I will never believe you again. He will not come tonight. We will not buy a car next year.
Will you go there by train? Will he come tomorrow? Will they live a five-star hotel?
What will you do after class? Where will he live? How will they come here?
2 is/am/are+going to+V原形,表示计划打算做什么事情。
I’m going to go to Kongkong by air. We are not going to buy a house here.
Are they going to change their jobs? How are you going to tell him?
四 过去将来时态;在过去将会发生的动作。
构成:任何人称+would +V原形
was/were going to +V原形
He said he would come in in Shanghai. I sai I would buy you a car one day.
They told me that they were not going to go abroad.
五 现在进行时态:表示现在( 指说话人说话时) 正在发生的事情。常用的时间的动作:now, at the(this)moment
构成:is/am/are+Ving
I’m waiting for my boy friend. He is doing the housework at home now.
He is not playing toys. We are enjoying ourselves.
Are you having dinner at home? Is Tim cooking in the kitchen?
What are you doing now? Where are they having a meal?
六 过去进行时态:过去一段时间正在发生的动作。
构成:was/were+Ving
I was doing my homework at that time. He was not sleeping at 11 o’clock last night.
What were you doing at that moment?
We were having a party while my neighbour is sleeping.
七 现在完成时态:用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在;也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。简单的说,就是动作已经发生对现在造成明显的影响。常用的时间 for two /weeks/years;for several days; since 2004/ Apr. 23/last week /the accident
构成:have/has +done(过去分词)
I have already told Davy. Davy has known this matter. He has lived here for nearly 10 years.
I haven’t finished my homework.Tim hasn’t come yet.We haven’t heard any news about him
How long have you worked in this company?
特别注意:
1. have/has always been+名词/形容词/介词:总是或一直是什么样子。。。
He has always been a good father. I have always been busy.
They have always been in America.
2 have/has been to:表示去过或到过。。。
I have been to Canada. Have you been to Hongkong?
Where have you been? I have never been here.
3 have/has gone to:去了。。。
He has gone to Beijing. They have gone to the cinema.
八 过去完成时态:发生在过去的过去。
构成:had + done
He said he had told Davy. They told us they had finished the work.
She had had dinner before she went out.
He left the office after he had called Davy.
英语主谓宾句子结构分析
应该是对的
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