本文目录
to do在句子中充当什么成分造句
在句中可作主语、宾语、补足语、表语、定语,状语,做被动等成分。
1、作主语,动词不定式作主语时,谓语动词常常用单数。例如: To do morning exercises is useful for our health. 做早操有利于我们的健康。 如果动词不定式太长,常常用 it 作形式主语,而将真正的主语——动词不定式后置。例如: It took me half an hour to walk there.我走到那花了半小时的时间。
2、作状语,动词不定式作状语可表示目的、原因及结果等,其逻辑主语就是句子的主语,因此动词不定式作状语往往用主动式。作宾语,动词不定式与名等词构成复合宾语时,通常要用 it 作形式宾语,而将真正的宾语——动词不定式后置。
3、作定语,动词不定式常常放在名词或不定代词后面作后置定语,其逻辑主语往往是句子的主语,故动词不定式作定语时往往用主动式;如果动词不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语,该动词不定式要用被动式。动词不定式作定语往往表示尚未发生的动作,如果动作已发生或正在发生,一般用现在分词作定语。
非谓语动词的三种形式及用法例句
非谓语动词详析 非谓语动词在句子中不作谓语,它包含动词不定式,动名词,分词。 动词不定式是动词的一种非限定形式,由“to+动词原形”构成,在句子中起名词,形容词或副词的作用。在句子中可以充当各种成分,有多种用法。 Ⅰ、不定式完成式的用法:如果不定式所表示的动作在谓语动作发生之前,不定式要用完成式(to have done)。 For example :I’m sorry not to have come on Wednesday .(我星期三没能来到,很抱歉)。 不定式的完成式只用于下列情况: a、 在seem(似乎),appear(显得),be supposed(被认为),be said(听说)等动词后,表示在更早时间发生的事。 For example: He seems to have been ill.(他现在看起来好像生过一场病) b、 be wish(想),hope(希望),desire(欲望),intend(打算),suppose(料想),think(想)等动词的“过去式+不定式的完成式”。表示没有实现的时间。For example: I wished to have helped you , but I had no money.(我本来愿意帮助你,但当时没有钱) He meant to have come to see you last night.(昨天晚上他本来有意来看你) Ⅱ、不定式的被动式及用法。当不定式的逻辑主语为不定式所表示动作的承受者时,就用不定式的被动式(to be done, to have been done). For example: I want the letter to be typed at once.(我要求这信马上打出来) It’s an honor for me to be invited to your house.(能被邀请到你们家是一种荣耀) Ⅲ、 主动的不定式与被动的不定式的区别及用法 1、通常,在不定式前能找到不定式所表达的动作的执行者时,此不定式用主动形式,每当不定式前不能找到所表达的动作的执行着时,此不定式用被动形式。 I have work to do (不能说I have work to be done)我有工作要干(执行者:I) He is reading the report to be published tomorrow 他正在阅读那份明天要发表的报告。(publish前无执行者) 2、在“there be”结构中,既可用主动式也可用被动式。 Example: There is no time to lose(to be lost) 再也不能耽搁时间了。 虽然在该结构中,作定语的不定式可以用主动形式,也可以用被动形式,但这两种形式还是有差别的。 1、There are a number of problems to solve. 2、There are a number of problems to be solved. 例句1中用的是动词不定式的主动形式,不定式的逻辑主语可以从上下问中看出来。假设逻辑主语是we,那么例如1可以改写成:There are a number of problems that we must solve.例如2中的动词不定试是被动形式,可以改写成:There are a number of problems that must be solved.例句2中的不定式的逻辑主语从上下问看不出来。 Ⅳ、 不定式短语和动名词作主语的用法及区别 不定式短语和动名词短语作主语时,可以用it做形式主语,使用“it+位于+作主语的不定式(动名词)短语”句型,主要区别是;不定式一般表示具体的行为动作,动名词往往抽表示抽象概念,表达某个一般的动作,或表示说话者的亲身经历。 For example: Being polite is needed anytime and anywhere.任何时候在任何地点都需要有礼貌。 Ⅴ、 作插入语的独立不定式的用法 独立不定式和动词不定式不动,与句中其他部分没有语法关系,只作插入语用,对全句进行解释,表示说话人的态度或起承上启下的作用,独立不定式无论位于何处,它必须用逗号与句子隔开,常用的独立不定式有: To begin with首先,to tell the truth老实说 To be brief简而言之,to return to the subject言归正传 To make matters worse更糟的是,to make a long story short简言之 等。 Ⅵ、 不带to 的不定式的用法,动词不定试有带to和不带to两中形式,以下几种情况不能带to. 1、在情态动词will, shall, would, should, can, could, may, might和must之后,在would rather和had better之后,以及在作为主次的need, dare之后,不定式不带to. For example: I’d rather go alone.但愿自己去。 2、当不定式作see, hear, overhear, listen to, feel, observe, look at 等感官动词的宾语补足语时不带to For example: I’ve never observed her do otherwise.(我从未看见她不是这样做的). 3、当不定式作make, let, leave, have, bid等使役动词以及find, help, know等动词的宾语补足语 4、在某些习语和固定搭配中不定式不带to,常见的有: make believe假装, make do凑合,hear tell听说 5、介词but, except, besides, save等之前有动词do或do的其他形式以及can but(不得不)can not but(只得,只能),cannot help but(不得不) can not choose but(只好)等短语时,其它的不定式不带to. For example: I could not choose but speak the truth. 我不能不说真话。 动名词,动名词也是动词的一种非限定形式,由动词原形加“-ing”构成,与现在分词同形。动名词前有动词和名词的特征和作用。 Ⅰ、动名词的逻辑主语是代词时,用形容词性的物主代词表示有生命的名词时,用名词的“’s” 所有格;表示无生命的名词时,用名词的普通格,不用所有格。 For example: Mary’s grumbling annoyed him(名词的所有格) I am afraid of the tent falling down during the night(名词的普通格) 我不怕那个帐篷晚上倒下来。 Ⅱ、 介词后使用动名词的情况 A、介词后面的动词要用动名词形式,“介词+动名词”可以作状语,表示时间、原因、方式等,表示目的常用不定式或“for the purpose of doing something”结构。 For example I came here for the purpose of seeing you.(我来这儿是为了看你) B、“介词to+动名词”和“不定式to+动词原形”的区别 若to是介词,其后只能接动名词。 For example: I’ve been looking forward to seeing you soon.(我期望早日见到你)。 Ⅲ、动名词用于“It is no use (good) doing…”等句型 动名词作主语时,也可以用it做先行主语。动名词(短语)常在以 no use, no good, senseless, dangerous, difficult, a waste, a nuisance, useless, hard work, sad thing, a waste of time, worthwhile等词语作表语的句中。 For example: It is a mere waste of time answering these letters.(回复这些信笺,只不过是浪费时间而已) Ⅳ、动词后跟动名词和跟不定式的比较。 在advise, allow, attempt, can’t bear, begin, continue, forbid, forget, go on, hate,hear,intend,like,love,permit,prefer,propose,regret,remember,see,start,stop,try,watch等动词后面,既可以跟不定式,也可跟动名词,但意思有区别。 分词。分词是动词的三中非限定形式之一,分为两种:现在分词和过去分词。 Ⅰ、现在分词和过去分词作定语的区别:分词作定语时,应注意它与被修饰的动词之间的关系。如果是被修饰名词发出的动作,须用现在分词,如果被修饰的名词是动作的接受者,则用过去分词。因此现在分词带有主动和未完成的意义,过去分词带有被动和完成的意义。 The crying child woke her mother.(啼哭的孩子唤醒了她妈妈。)child是动作cry的发出者。 The sorted letters were delivered to the houses.(分了类的信件被送往各家各户)letters是动作sorted的接受者。 Ⅱ、分词独立结构,分词短语用作状语的时候,它的逻辑主语一般必须与句子的主语一直。但是它有时也可以有自己逻辑上的主语,形成“名词(代词)+分词(或分词短语)”结构。这种带有逻辑主语分词或分词短语成为分词独立结构。这种结构有的接近同位语,对前面的一个名词加以解释。 For example: There are two good books, each having it’s own characteristics.有两本好书,每本都有各自的特点。 Ⅲ、分词和不定式作定语的区别 A、 现在分词作定语表示正在进行的动作及现在(或当时)的状态。例如:The girl playing the piano is Mary.正在弹钢琴的女孩叫Mary. B、过去分词作定语表示的动作在谓语动作之前发生或是没有一定的时间性,有被动之意。 For example: The piano used at the concert is made in France.音乐会上用的钢琴是法国产的。 C、不定式作定语表示一个未来的动作。 For example: The girl to play the piano at the concert is Mary.将要在音乐会上弹钢琴的女孩叫Mary。
todo有什么作用
1. 不定式的用法------1.1 不定式作主语
不定式作主语,往往用it作形式主语,真正的主语不定式放至句子的后面。
例如:It's so nice to hear your voice. 听到你的声音真高兴。
It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.不用车的时候,锁车是有必要的。
It's very kind of you to help us. 他帮助我们,他真好。
It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不给他们任何东西,这显得太自私了。
但是,用不定式作主语的句子中还有一个不定式作表语时,不能用It is… to…的句型。另外,这样的句子,不能用动名词作表语。例如:
(对)To teach is to learn.
(错)It is to learn to teach.
(错)To teach is learning.
(错)Teaching is to learn.
典型例题
The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___.
A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on
答案:B. 如果不定式为不及物动词,其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时,常位于"形容词+动词不定式"结构的末尾。
1.1.1 不定式做主语 It's for sb/It's of sb to do sth
这样的句子中,由于表语形容词性质的不同,导致了不定式逻辑主语标志用for或of的区别。
1)for sb. 句型中的形容词一般为表示事物的特征特点,表示客观形式的形容词,如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等:例如:
It's very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。
2)of sb句型中的形容词一般为表示性格,品德,心智能力,表示主观感情或态度的形容词,如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。例如:
It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我,你真是太好了。
1.2 不定式作宾语
1) 有些及物动词用不定式作宾语,结构为动词+不定式。例如:
afford aim agree arrange ask decide
bother care choose demand desire determine
elect endeavor hope fail help learn
long 渴望 mean manage offer plan pretend
refuse tend undertake expect hate intend
例如:
The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司机没能及时看见另一辆车。
He offered to help me. 他表示愿意帮助我。
2)有些动词除了可以用不定式作宾语,还用不定式作补语,即有动词+宾语+不定式的结构。例如:
ask choose expect help beg intend
like/love need prefer prepare want wish
例如:
I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。
I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢你使每件东西都保持整洁。
I want to speak to Tom. 我想和汤姆谈话。
I want you to speak to Tom. 我想让你和汤姆谈话。
3) 有些动词或动词词组可以用动词+疑问词+不定式的结构作宾语。例如:
decide know consider forget learn remember
show, wonder find out tell inquire explain
例如:
Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。
There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I don't knowwhich to buy.
有这么多的录音机,我都拿不定主意买哪一种。
1.3 不定式作表语
不定式可放在be动词后面,形成表语。例如:
My work is to clean the room every day. 我的工作是每天清扫房间。
His dream is to be a doctor. 他的梦想是成为一名医生。
1.4 不定式作定语
不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后,往往表示未发生的动作。例如:
I have a lot of work to do. 我有许多事要做。
There was nothing to bring home that morning. 那天早上(他回家时)两手空空。
1.5 不定式作状语
1)目的状语
常用结构为to do , only to do(仅仅为了), in order to do, so as to do, so(such)… as to…(如此…以便…)。例如:
He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。
I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我来仅仅是向你告别。
2)作结果状语,可以表示没有预料到的或事与愿违的结果,不定式要放在句子后面。
I awoke to find my truck gone. 我醒来发现箱子不见了。
He searched the room only to find nothing. 他搜索了房间,没发现什么。
3)表原因
I'm glad to see you. 见到你很高兴。
She wept to see the sight. 她一看到这情形就哭了。
4)表示理由和条件
He must be a fool to say so.
You will do well to speak more carefully.
1.6 不定式作补语
1) 有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构。例如:
动词 宾语 不定式
He reminded me to buy some eggs.
THAT-从句
He reminded me that I had to buy some eggs.
advise allow cause challenge command compel
drive 驱使 enable encourage forbid force impel
induce instruct invite like/love order permit
make let have want get warn
persuade request send tell train urge
例如;
Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。
The officer ordered his men to fire. 长官命令士兵开火。
注意:有些动词如make,have,get,want等可用不定式作做宾补,也可用分词作宾补。现在分词表达主动,也表达正在进行,过去分词表达被动。
2) 有些有动词+宾语+不定式的结构,不定式的动词往往是be,不定式一般可以省去。例如:
consider find believe think declare(声称) appoint
guess fancy(设想) guess judge imagine know
例如:
We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。
We know him to be a fool. 我们知道他是个笨蛋。(to be 不能省去)
典型例题
Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer.
A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented
答案:C. 一般没有consider+宾语+be以外不定式的结构,也没有consider+宾语+doing的结构,排除A、B、D。consider用动词be以外的不定式作宾补时,一般要求用不定式的完成式,故选C。
3) 有些动词可以跟there +to be的结构。例如:
believe expect intend like love mean
prefer want wish understand
例如:
We didn't expect there to be so many people there. 我们没料到会有那么多人在那里。
You wouldn’t want there to be another war. 你不至于想让另外一场战争发生吧。
1.7 动词不定式的否定式
在不定式标志to前加上not。例如:
Tell him not to shut the window。让他别关窗。
She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候,她假装没看见。
典型例题
1)Mrs. Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking.
A. never to drive B. to never driver C. never driving D. never drive
答案:A warn sb to do sth. 的否定形式为warn sb not to do sth. 此处用的是否定词never.
2)The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street,but his mother told him ____.
A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to
答案:A not to 为not to do it 的省略形式。可以只用to这个词,而不必重复整个不定式词组。及物动词do后应有宾语,因此也B,D不对。
2. 省略不定式符号“to”的情况
1) 情态动词 ( 除ought 外) 后。
She can't speak to you.
He should give her some money.
Shall I talk to him?
Would you like a cup of coffee?
I might stay another night in the hotel.
They must leave before 10.00 a.m.
2) 使役动词 let, have, make后,感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后。
注意:被动语态中不能省去to。例如:
I saw him dance. 我看见他跳舞。
=He was seen to dance.
The boss made them work the whole night. 老板让他们整夜干活。
=They were made to work the whole night.
He saw her fall from the cliff.
We heard them close the door.
They saw us walk toward the lake.
She felt the spider crawl up her leg.
3) 使役动词 let, have, make后
Her parents let her stay out late.
Let's go to the cinema tonight.
You made me love you.
Don't make me study that boring grammar book!
4) would rather,had better句型后
We had better take some warm clothing.
She had better ask him not to come.
You'd better not smile at a crocodile!
We had better reserve a room in the hotel.
You'd better give me your address.
They had better work harder on their grammar!
5) Why… / why no…句型后
6) help 后可带to,也可不带to, help sb (to) do sth:
7) but和except后。but前是实义动词do时,后面出现的不定式不带to。
比较:He wants to do nothing but go out. 他只想出去玩。
He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. 除了吃这药,他什么都信。
8) 由and, or和than连接的两个不定式,第二个to 可以省去:
9) 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think等词后作宾补时,可以省去to be。例如:
He is supposed (to be) nice. 他应该是个好人。
典型例题
1) ---- I usually go there by train.
---- Why not ___ by boat for a change?
A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going
答案:D. why not 后面接不带to 的不定式,因此选D。
2) Paul doesn't have to be made ___. He always works hard.
A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning
答案:B. make后接不带to 的动词不定式,当其用于被动时,to 不可省略。
3. 不定式的时态和语态
1) 一般式表示的动词,有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后,例如:
He seems to know this. 他似乎知道这事。
I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again. 我希望再见到你。
2) 完成式:完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前,比如to have broken, to have seen, to have saved. 例如:
Someone must have broken the window and climbed in.
I would like to have seen the Taj Mahal when I was in India.
He pretended to have seen the film.
If I'd seen the ball I would have caught it.
3) 进行式表示动作正在进行,与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。例如:
I'd really like to be swimming in a nice cool pool right now.
You must be joking!
I happened to be waiting for the bus when the accident happened.
4) 完成进行式表示动作从过去开始并延续至说话的时候: (to) have been + 现在分词 例如:
to have been crying
to have been waiting
to have been painting
The woman seemed to have been crying.
You must have been waiting for hours!
He pretended to have been painting all day.
5) 不定式的被动语态: (to) be + 被动式, 例如 to be given, to be shut, to be opened 例如:
I am expecting to be given a pay-rise next month.
These doors should be shut.
This window ought to be opened.
4. 不定式的特殊句型------4.1 too…to…
1)too…to 太…以至于…。例如:
He is too excited to speak. 他太激动了,说不出话来。
---- Can I help you ? 需要我帮忙吗?
---- Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same.
不用了。这箱子太重,恐怕你搬不动, 但还是谢谢你。
2)如在too前有否定词,则整个句子用否定词表达肯定,too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义,意 为"不太"。例如:
It's never too late to mend. 改过不嫌晚。(谚语)
3)当too 前面有only, all, but时,意思是:非常… 等于very。例如:
I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 能帮助你我非常高兴。
He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。
4.2 so as to
1) 表示目的;它的否定式是so as not to do。例如:
Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。
Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.轻点进去,别惊醒了婴儿。
2) 表示结果。例如:
Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 劳驾,现在几点了。
4.3 Why not
"Why not +动词原形"表达向某人提出建议,翻译为:"为什么不……?" "干吗不……?"。例如:
Why not take a holiday? 干吗不去度假?
Igotsomeonetohelpme这里的todo表什么
动词不定式的标志,tohelpme是一个动词不定式词组,这里是作定语的用法。
英语非谓语todo和doing的各种语法功能:
doin=doing
etc.“等等;还有..”的含义
1.作主语(todo/doing)
①常用todo/doing的一般式,两者没多大差别。
②用It作形式主语时,常用todo,但在It'snouse/value/importance/etc少数结构中用doing。
③并列结构问题,在and连接的并列句中,俩主语要保持一致。
2.作宾语(todo/doing)
①v+todo
同意/请求/帮忙:agree,beg/ask,help
决心/学会/想/希望:decide/determine,learn,want,wish/hope/expect
主动/答应/选/计划:offer,promise,choose,plan
拒绝/设法/原谅/假装:refuse,manage,care,pretend
②v+doing
承认推迟没得想:admit,delay,fancy
避免错过继续练:avoid,miss,keep,practise
考虑建议盼原谅:consider,suggest/advise,lookforwardto,pardon/excuse
禁止想象才冒险:forbid,imagine,risk
③有些动词后+todo/doing意义有明显差别:
remembertodo记得去做
~doin记得做过
stoptodo停下来(正在做的事情)去做(另外一件)事
~doin停止做..
trytodo努力去做
~doin尝试去做
cannothelptodo不能做..
~doin忍不住做
goontodo继续做(另一件事)
~doin继续做(同一件事)
meantodosth打算做..
~doin意味着做..
④介词后用v-ing作宾语,不定式结构一般不可作介词宾语,只有个别场合,即在含有否定意义的带有介词的except或but的结构中才可这样做。
1.前有行为动词do时,后面接不带to的的不定式(也就是“前有do,后省to”)。
2.固定句型中,but或except后面接不带to的不定式。
3.作表语(todo/doing)
1.作表语区别并不大,互相是允许的。
2.不定式做表语时侧重将来和一次性动作,v-ing则侧重经常性的动作或抽象性的东西。
3.v-ing和v-ed(过去分词)。
①v-ing表示主语的性质(翻译成“令人...”)。
②done表示主语所处的状态(翻译成“觉得...的”)。
4.作定语(todo/doing)
1-4-1-1.不定式作定语时一般表动作发生在将来
1-4-1-2.有些名词常接不定式作定语(口诀:正确的努力时间方式就是给机会的原因:right/effort/time/way/chance/reason)
1-4-1-3.thefirst/thelast/thebest/thesecond常用不定式做定语
以上三种关于不定式作定语可以简称为:
三不定:一表将来,二表抽象名词,三表最高级序数词
1-4-2-1.doing/done表抽象性的行为
1-4-2-2.现在分词作定语表示非谓语的动作相对于修饰的名词来说是主动的和正在发生的;过去分词作定语表示非谓语的动作相对于修饰的名词来说是被动且完成的。
拓展:
①v-ing与todo作表语的比较:
a.v-ing作表语表示抽象的,经常性动作
eg:Myhobbyispainting(经常性)
tip:作定语时不及物动词的形式为v-ing和v-ed(ing表正在进行,ed表已经完成)。
b.todo表示一次性,具体的动作或将要发生的事情。
②同一动词的过去分词形式与动词ing形式作表语的区别。
a.过去分词形式作表语,主要表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态,含有被动的意思。
b.动词ing形式作表语,主要表示主语具有的特征,含有主动的意思。
05作宾补(todo/doing/done)
1-5-1常用不定式作宾补的词:v+sb.+todosth.
1-5-2-1使役动词(make/have)
a1.makesb.dosth.让某人做...(注:当make为被动时,作补语的不定式不省to)
a2.makesb/sth.done让某人/事被..
b1.havesb.dosth.让某人做..
b2.havesb.doingsth.让某人一直做
b3.havesth./sb.done让某人/某事被...(三种含义①自己做②请人做③遭遇)
1-5-2-2有关“keep/find/catch”作宾语补足语
a.keepsb/sthdoingsth使某人/物一直做
sb/sthdone使某人/物被做(表被动且完成,或表状态)
1-5-2-3感官动词
see/watch/lookat/hear/listento/notice/observe/feel/etc.
以上动词+宾+do+sth(表主动,全过程,省to)
以上动词+宾+doing+sth(表主动,正在进行)
以上动词+宾+done+sth(表被动,完成)
拓展:当感官动词为被动时,后补语的不定式不省to(恢复省略的to)
06与状语从句的关系(todo/doing/done)
1-6与状语从句的关系(todo/doing/done)
1-6-1-1.不定式作目的状语时,若在谓语动词后面,则不能用逗号(有逗号代表伴随,无逗号表目的)
1-6-1-2.hope/wish/except/etc...动词常用v-ing表目的
1-6-1-3结果状语与todo/doing的一些事
1.不定式表一种意外结果
2.v-ing表意料之中的结果,即因果关系
不定式结构表示结果还常见下列句型:
①soas..to
②such(...)asto
③enoughto
④too..to
tip:非谓语作状语一定要与句子主语保持“要么主动,要么被动”的关系
总结的话,就是几句口诀,大家可以背一下
选宾补,看宾语
选状语,看主语
选定语,看被修饰词
逻辑主语的含义:与动词在逻
辑上存在主谓关系,即语义上的施动者(不是句子的主语,是非谓语的主语)
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